Rome

Early Roman History

Kingdom (753-509)
1. Aeneas
2. Early Kingdom (--->616)
  1. Romulus
  2. Numa Pompilius
  3. Tullus Hostilius
  4. Ancus Martius
  5. Laws Under the Kings
  6. The Pious Sabine
  7. Chart of Offices in the Regnal Period
3. Later Kingdom (616-509)
  1. Lucius Tarquinius Superbus Priscus
  2. Servius Tullius
  3. Tarquinius Superbus
Republic (509-027)
1. Rise of the Plebeians (509-343)
  1. Establishment of the Republic (509)
  2. Iura Civitatis
  3. Government
    - The Roman Republican Constitution
    - Magistrates
    - Senate
    - Comitia Curiata
    - Comitia Centuriata
    - Roman Assemblies
2. Struggle for equal rights (509-287)
  1. Valerian laws
  2. First Secession of the Plebs (494-493)
    - Causes
      - Distribution of public land
      - Debt laws
    - Events
    - Results
  3. War with the Volscians (480) Diodorus Siculus XI.37
  4. War with the Aequi and with Tusculum (478) [Diod. XI.40]
  5. War with the Veiians- Battle of Cremera (477) Diod. XI.53; Dionys. Halic. 9.19-21; Livy 2.50
  6. Comitia Tributa (471)
  7. Decemvirs and the twelve tables (451-449) 442? Diod. Sic. xii.25
  8. Second secession of the plebs
  9. Laws of Valerius and Horatius (449)
  10. Canuleian Law (445)
  11. War with the Volscians (439) Diod. xii.30.6; Livy 3.66
  12. Licinian Law (367)
  13. Opening of higher offices to Plebeians (365-300)
  14. Enrolment of the proletariat in the tribes (312)
  15. Third secession of the plebs (287)
3. Wars with Neighbouring Tribes (509-343)
  1. Treaties with Latins and Hernicans
    1. Battle of Lake Regulus- alliance with the Latins 493
    2. Alliance with the Hernici 486
  2. War with the Volscians
    - Battle of Mt. Algidus 431
  3. War with the Aequians
  4. Wars with the Etruscans
    1. Beginning of war with Veii 406
    2. Capture of Veii 396
  5. Wars of the Gauls
    - Gauls sack Rome 390
4. Marcus Manlius aspired to a tyranny in Rome and was overpowered and slain Livy 6.20; Diod. XV.36
Conquest of Italy (343-264)
1. Conquest of Latium (343-338)
  1. First Samnite War (343-341)
  2. Great Latin War (340-338)
2. Conquest of Central Italy (326-290)
  1. Second Samnite War (326-304)
    1. Romans suffer defeat at the Caudine forks (321)
    2. Construction of the Appian Way 312
    3. Battle of Sentinum (295) The Roman army under Q Fabius Maximus Rullianus Livy 10.29.17; Diod. xxi.6
  2. Third Samnite War (293-290)
3. Conquest of Southern Italy (281-272)
  1. Conflict between Lucanians and the southern cities
  2. Roman defence of Thurii
  3. Rome vs. Tarentum
  4. Tarentum calls in Pyrrhus of Epirus: Diod. Sic. xxii.8, 10-12 279/8 BCE
    1. Battle of Heracleia 280
    2. Battle of Asculum 279
    3. Alliance of Rome and Carthage
    4. Pyrrhus and Sicily
    5. Battle of Beneventum 275
4. Organization of the Roman Conquests
  1. Citizens
  2. Allies
  3. Subjects

Roman Expansion Beyond Italy

Roman Expansion Outside of Italy (264-133)
1. Wars in the West
  1. First Punic War (264-241)
    1. Causes
      1. Fundamental- despite their alliance Rome and Carthage became rivals in trade, prestige and military power.
      2. Immediate- The Mamertines, pirates of Campanian origin, were about to be destroyed by their former patron Syracuse. They sought help from both Rome and Carthage. Carthage responded first and sent a garrison. After some debate the Comitia Tributa decided to send Roman troops to the area and get the Carthaginians out of the strategic position in Sicily. Hostilities ensued.
    2. Events
      1. Opening events (264-260)
        
        Victory at Mylae 260
      2. Invasion of Africa
        
        Bungling of the campaign by the consul Marcus Atilius Regulus
        
        Roman fleet destroyed off the coast of Sicily 254
      3. Battle of Panormus (250)
      4. Battle of Drepana (249)
      5. Battle of Aegates Islands (241)
    3. Results- aside from a sizable indemnity, Rome acquired possession of Sicily. Carthage was weakened and her sphere of influence greatly reduced.
  2. Interval of Preparation (241-218)
    1. Annexation of Sardinia and Corsica (239)
    2. Suppression of the Illyrian pirates (229)
    3. First Illyrian war (225-222)
    4. Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul (225-222)
    5. Second Illyrian War (220-219)
    6. Carthaginian power in Spain
  3. Second Punic War (218-201)
    1. Causes- one cause was the undying hatred of the Barca dynasty against Rome.
    2. Events
      1. Invasion of Italy
      2. Battles of Ticinus and Trebia (218)
      3. Battle of Lake Trasumene (217)
      4. Battle of Cannae (216)
      5. Interval of preparation
        
        Hannibal's new allies
        
        Turning of the tide
      6. Battle of Metaurus -Hasdrubal slain (207)
      7. Battle of Zama (202)
    3. Results
  4. Third Punic War (149-146)
    1. Causes
    2. Events
    3. Results
2. Wars in the East
  1. First Macedonian War (215-205)
  2. Second Macedonian War (200-196)
    1. Causes
    2. Events
    3. Results
  3. War with Antiochus III or Asiatic War (192-189)
  4. Third Macedonian War (171-167)
  5. Fourth Macedonian War (146)- the sack of Corinth by the Romans Pausanias vii.16-7-17.1
3. Reduction of the Roman Conquests (146-133)
4. Organization of the provinces
  1. Government
  2. Collection of Taxes
  3. Commercial Regulations
5. Effects of the Conquests
  1. Development of Roman political system
  2. ---IMPERIALISM---
  3. Development of plutocracy
  4. Introduction of Hellenism
  5. Corruption
Roman Revolution (133-027)
1. Times of the Gracchi (133-121)
  1. Causes of Discontent
    1. Social Distinctions
      - Aristocratic Classes
        
        Optimates
        
        Equites
      - Populares
        
        City population
        
        Professional men
        
        Hoi polloi
        
        Farmers
      - non-citizen classes
        
        Latins, allies, and colonists
        
        Italian Allies
        
        Provincials
        
        Slaves
    2. Economic Considerations
      - Growth of large estates (Appian Civil Wars I.7-8)
      - Decline of agriculture and the peasant
      - evils of slave labour
      - inequitable distribution of wealth
    3. Political Maladies
      - Practical disenfranchisement of the people
      - Selfish rule of the Senate
      - Abandonment of the policy of Incorporation
      - Absence of principle of representation
      - Oppression of the provinces
2. Reforms of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, the orator and tribune in 133 BCE: Agrarian laws
  1. 500 iugera to each man
  2. Division of land for sons
  3. Surplus laws: the remainder of the land should be distributed to the poor by 3 elected magistrates
  4. Reimbursement for the provinces
  5. Certain portion of free laborers on each farm
  6. The murder of Tiberius Gracchus and his followers on the Capitoline
3. Reforms of Gaius Sempronius Gracchus: [Diod. Sic. xxxiv/xxxv 24-25,28a]
  1. Renewal of the agrarian law
    - discontent of the allies/ P. Corn. Scipio Africanus Aemilianus (185-129), who had sacked and finally destroyed Carthage in 146 BCE, became the spokesman for the grievances of the Italians in obstruction of Tiberius Gracchus' land reforms- Scipio was found dead one morning; foul play was suspected
  2. Proquaestor in Sardinia
  3. Tribunate of Gaius Gracchus in 123 BCE
  4. Corn law- Gaius began to undermine the Senate by making provision for the distribution to each citizen of a monthly grain ration
  5. Law of jurors- the transferral of the courts from the Senators to the equestrians
  6. He built roads throughout Italy and proposed many colonies
  7. He wanted the extension of franchise to more Italians
  8. Re-elected for the Tribunate in 122 BCE
  9. Establishment of colonies for veterans
  10. Expedition to Africa for the resettlement of a colony near old Carthage
  11. Chaos in the forum- the murder of Antyllus by the followers of Gracchus- The heads of Gracchus and Flaccus are brought to the consul Opimius, who paid their weight in gold to the men who brought them [Diodorus xxxiv/xxxv 29]
  12. Conditions continued to deteriorate for the poor after Gaius Gracchus' death

Marius and Sulla

Times of Marius and Sulla (121-079)
1. Rise of Marius
  1. Career of Marius
    1. Born (@156)
    2. Served under Scipio at Numantia (134)
    3. Quaestor (123?/121)
    4. Tribune (119)
    5. Praetor (115)
    6. Governor of Spain (114)
    7. Legate in Africa (109) [Diod. Sic. xxxiv/xxxv.38]
    8. Consul for the first time (107)
    9. 2nd Consulate (104) [Diod. xxxvi.1] celebrated his Triumph over Jugurtha on January 1, 104 BCE Marius was given the command in Gaul and went on campaign against the Cimbri. At the same time there were massive slave uprisings in Italy and Sicily: the Sicilian slave war
    10. 3rd Consulate (103)
    11. 4th Consulate (102)
    12. 5th Consulate (101) [Diod. xxxvi.10]
    13. 6th Consulate (100) - the exile of Metellus. The tribune Appuleius along with the Quaestor Gaius Saufeius and the praetor Glaucia seize the Capitol, but water supplies were cut and they were finally captured and then murdered by a mob in the Senate house
    14. Marius leaves Rome for Asia (98)
    15. Social War (91-88) The Social War or Marsic War (Appian Civil Wars I.34-52; Diod. Sic. xxxvii.2) --- Fulvius Flaccus, consul and later tribune first pressed the issue of giving Roman citizenship to the Italians to share in Empire instead of remain its subjects. Flaccus was killed along with Gaius Gracchus. Livius Drusus took over the cause in 91 but he was stabbed to death in his home. The equestrians and others who would lose power and wealth if the allies should succeed in their desires actively opposed their interests and drove out their proponents. Revolt broke out amongst the Asculans, the Marsi, the Paeligni, Vestini, Marrucini, Picentes, Frentani, Hirpini, Pompeians and Venusians, Iapygians, Lucanians, the Samnites, the people of Nola, and others. C. Marius served in 90 BCE as legate under Rutilius Lupus the consul. Eventually the Italians gained the citizenship which they craved. This created LOTS of new citizens.
    16. Marius vies with Sulla for command of the campaign against Mithradates. When his ally the tribune Sulpicius is killed, Marius flees to Africa (88) Diod. xxxvii.29
    17. Cinna and Marius seize Rome (87) [Appian I.64-74; Diod. xxxvii.2-5)- L. Cornelius Cinna was Sulla's successor as Consul. The friends of the exiles, "stirred up the new citizen's interest in Marius' scheme for them to be distributed an all the tribes so that they should not vote last and be completely powerless"- the other consul Octavius opposed them and drove Cinna out of the city. Cinna went to Capua and won over the army there. Marius returned from Africa, recruited 6000 Etruscans and joined Cinna. They cut off all supplies to Rome. Soon thereafter the city fell to them. They slew the consul Octavius and hung his head from the Rostrum. There was terrible slaughter in the city. And as for Sulla, all his friends were put to death, his house was razed to the ground, his property was declared forfeit and he was declared an enemy of the state. His wife and children however escaped.
    18. 7th Consulate of Marius along with Cinna (86) Marius died a month later Jan 13, 86 BCE [Plutarch Marius; Diod. Sic. xxxvii.29] In his place Cinna chose Valerius Flaccus, whom he sent to Asia, and when Flaccus too met his end in 85, picked Carbo as his colleague.
  2. Iugurthine War (112-106)
  3. Cimbric-Teutonic War (113-101)
    1. Defeat of the Teutons at Aquae Sextiae (102)
    2. Defeat of Cimbri at Vercellae (101)
2. Rise and Rule of Sulla
  1. Career of Sulla
    1. Commands during the Social War
    2. Consul (88) along with Quintus Pompeius. Diod. xxxvii.2
    3. Takes the command against Mithridates and departs for Asia 88 BCE
    4. His friends are killed, his house destroyed, and his property seized in his absence by Cinna and Marius.
    5. Pillages the treasuries of Delphi, Epidaurus and Olympia during his siege of Athens 87 BCE [Plutarch Sulla 12; Diod. xxxviii/xxxix.7;
    6. Cinna murdered by mutineers (84)
    7. Carbo sole consul in Rome
    8. Sulla lands at Brundisium
    9. Carbo and Marius II consuls (82) Diod 38/39.12-13
    10. Sulla defeats Marius II at Sacriporto (82)-slaughter at the gates of Praeneste: Marius II shut up in Praeneste, attempts to break the siege fail repeatedly -Sulla marches into Rome- Battle at Clusium between Sulla and Carbo- Battle of the Colline Gate 1st November 82 BCE [Appian I.80-96; Diod. xxxvii.29; Velleius Paterculus 2.26]]
    11. Proscriptions
    12. Dictator (81) Ap. I.97-104
    13. Retirement (79)
    14. Death (78) Ap. I.105-6
  2. Rivalry between Marius and Sulla
    1. First Mithridatic War breaks out (88-84)
      1. Mithridates of Sinope, the King of Pontus on the Black Sea, invaded Phrygia and Bithynia and the other parts of Anatolia 90 BCE
      2. Roman diplomatic mission, led by M. Aquilius (cs.101) encouraged the Bithynian king to invade and plunder Pontus
      3. Defeat of Rome's allies on the river Amnias in the spring of 88 BCE
      4. The tribune Publius Sulpicius allied with Marius defies Sulla in the appointment of the command against Mithridates. Sulla takes control of six legions of troops in Capua and marches on Rome.
      5. Sulla departs for the east while Cinna and Marius take control of Rome and organize proscriptions
      6. Decree at Ephesus- calling for the death of Roman citizens throughout the east.
      7. Sulla defeats Mithridates, liberating Greece, Macedonia, Ionia, Asia and many other places... he then turned back to Rome
    2. Strife at Rome (84-82 BCE) - Sulla, having dealt with Marius and Sulpicius, renounced violence, sent his armies to Capua and again exercised normal consular authority. Quintus Pompeius was murdered and Sulla left to take command of his army and go to fight Mithridates.
      Sullan proscriptions upon entering Rome- First Round: The Tribune Sulpicius, Marius, his son Marius, Publius Cethegus, Junius Brutus, Gaius and Quintus Granius, Publius Albinovanus, Marcus Laetorius and those others who had fled with them from Rome totalling about 12.
      
      Cinna and Marius seize Rome (87)- L. Cornelius Cinna was Sulla's successor as Consul. The friends of the exiles, "stirred up the new citizen's interest in Marius' scheme for them to be distributed an all the tribes so that they should not vote last and be completely powerless"- the other consul Octavius opposed them and drove Cinna out of the city. Cinna went to Capua and won over the army there. Marius returned from Africa, recruited 6000 Etruscans and joined Cinna. They cut off all supplies to Rome. Soon thereafter the city fell to them. They slew the consul Octavius and hung his head from the Rostrum. There was terrible slaughter in the city. And as for Sulla, all his friends were put to death, his house was razed to the ground, his property was declared forfeit and he was declared an enemy of the state. His wife and children however escaped. Cinna and Marius became consuls in Rome.
      
      Sulla returned to Italy and campaigned against the Marian party, now led by Carbo. Sulla fights Battle of Canusium against Norbanus- Sertorius goes to Spain. Carbo and Marius II consuls. In the Spring 83, there was a tremendous battle on the river Aesis between Sulla's general Metellus and Carbo's general Carinas. Carinas was routed and the whole region went over to Sulla. - Sulla defeated Marius II at Sacriporto(82) and pursued him to Praeneste; there was slaughter at the gates of Praeneste: Marius II was shut up in Praeneste, attempts to break the siege failed repeatedly -Sulla marched into Rome- Battle at Clusium between Sulla and Carbo-Battle of Faventia between Carbo and Norbanus against Metellus- Metellus killed many of them; Norbanus fled to Rhodes. Carbo, still unable to end the blockade of Marius II in Praeneste, despaired and fled to Africa. Battle of the Colline Gate 1st November 82 BCE [Appian I.80-96] Praeneste surrendered and Marius II had his head hung in the forum.
  3. Rule of Sulla
    1. Pompeius was sent to Africa against Carbo and to Sicily against Carbo's followers.
    2. proscriptions: 40 senators and about 1,600 equestrians initially (Appian Civil Wars I.95-96)
    3. dictatorship (App. I.97-108)

From Pompey to Octavian

Times of Pompey and Caesar (79-48 BCE)
1. Rise of Pompeius
  1. Sertorian War (80-76) Metellus was sent by Sulla to fight Sertorius. Pompeius went to fight the Marian general Sertorius as well. [App. I.108-115]
  2. Gladiatorial War with Spartacus (73-71) [App. I.116-120; Diod. 38/39.21]
  3. First consulship of Pompeius and Crassus 70 BCE
2. Career of Pompeius Magnus
  - Consulships: 89, 70, 55, 52 (incl. Strabo)
3. Military Supremacy of Pompeius
  1. Gabinian Law (vs. pirates) (67)
  2. Manilian Law (2nd Mithridatic war) (66)
  3. Formation of the so-called 'First Triumvirate' (60)
  4. Second consulship of Pompeius and Crassus (55)
  5. Pompeius sole consul 52 BCE (Appian II .23-24)
4. Rivalry between Caesar and Pompey
  1. Dissolution of the triumvirate; breakdown of the friendship between Caesar and Pompeius (52-50 BCE) [Appian II.25-31]
  2. Rupture between Caesar and the Senate
  3. Caesar crosses the Rubicon 10 or 11 January, 49 BCE
  4. Second Civil War (49-43)
  5. Caesar defeats Pompeius and the Republican forces at Pharsalus- 9 August, 48 BCE [Ap. II.65-82]
  6. Death of Pompeius after his flight to Egypt- 28 Sept., 48 BCE [Ap. II.83-86]
5. Rise of Caesar
  1. Conspiracy of Catiline (63) [Appian Civil Wars II.2-7]
    1. Catiline defeated at elections: July, 64
    2. Catiline defeated at elections: July?, 63
    3. Manlius to/in Etruria
    4. Senatus Consultum Ultimum: Oct. 21
    5. Manlius begins insurrection: Oct 27
    6. Lucius Saenius announces insurrection
      - Q. Marcius Rex & Q. Metellus Craticus dispatched to deal with the situation: Nov. 2
    7. Meeting at Laecas Nov. 6
    8. Attempt on Cicero's life Nov. 7
    9. Catiline charged under Lex Plautia
      - First Catilinarian speech of Cicero: Nov. 8
    10. Second Catilinarian Nov. 9
    11. Catiline and Manlius declared hostes Nov.17
  2. Caesar governor of Spain 61 BCE
  3. Election of Caesar as consul: 'First Triumvirate' (60)
  4. Consulship of Caesar and Bibulus (59) [Appian II.10-14]
  5. Caesar as proconsul conquers Gaul (58-50)
6. Rule of Gaius Julius Caesar
  1. Titles
  2. Reforms
    - Senators increased to 900
    - Reparation of the municipal system
    - Extension of citizenship
    - Bankruptcy law
    - Certain number of free laborers on each farm
    - Reduction of the poor
    - Agricultural colonies opened
    - Farming "the revenue" abolished
    - Reformation of the calendar
7. Career of Gaius Julius Caesar
  1. Flamen dialis 84
  2. Quaestor, provincia, pompeia 69
  3. Aedile, accusator 65
  4. Pontifex Maximus 63
  5. Praetor urbanus 62
  6. Propraetor: ulterior Hispania 61
  7. Consul, Calpurnia 59
  8. Proconsul 58
  9. "First triumvirate"- Leuka 56 BCE
  10. Caesar publicly refuses the crown - Feb 15, 44 BCE
  11. Caesar's murder near the theatre of Pompey- 15 March, 44 BCE
8. Career of Marcus Tullius Cicero (103-43 BCE)
  1. Born in Arpinum on 3rd of January 103
  2. Studied in Rome 90
  3. Defends Roscius; goes east in 70s 80
  4. Quaestor of West Sicily 76
  5. Stands for Plebeian aedileship 70
  6. Prosecuted Verres 70
  7. Letters to Atticus begin 68
  8. Praetor (presided over extortion courts) 66
  9. Consul 63 The Catilinarian Conspiracy
  10. Tribunate of Publius Clodius; Exile of Cicero 58
  11. Tribunate of Milo; return of Cicero from exile 57
  12. Lucca 56
  13. Pompey and Crassus Css.; Cicero elected augur 55
  14. Death of Crassus 53
  15. Murder of Clodius; Pompey Cos for 3rd time 52
  16. Cicero to Cilicia as proconsul-arrives Jul 31; 51
  17. Cicero returns to Italy November 24 50
  18. Civil war; Cic. joins Pompey in Greece 49
  19. Battle of Pharsalia: August 9, 48 BCE
  20. Cicero returns to Italy
  21. Caesar returns from the east-pardons Cicero: Sep. 47
  22. Cicero rails against Antony after Caesar's death 44
  23. First Philippic (2 Sept.); second Philippic (20 Dec.) 44
  24. Speech of Piso in defence of Antony Jan. 3; Sixth Philippic of Cicero, delivered to a public meeting in Rome on 4Jan., 43 Appian's Civ. Bel. III.51-61
  25. Fourteenth Philippic 14 April, 43 b.c.e
  26. Death of Cicero at Phormiae
9. Career of Cato Minor- Marcius Porcius Cato Uticensis (94-46)
  1. Great grandson of Cato Censorius and nephew of Livius Drusus
  2. Quaestor 64
  3. Annexation of Cyprus 58
10. Career of Crassus
  1. Quaestor, praetor, war against Spartacus, reconciliation with Pompeius,
  2. First consulship of Pompeius and Crassus (Appian I.121)
  3. Crassus killed by the Parthians at Carrhae 53 b.c.e (Appian II.18)
11. Career of M. Aemilius Lepidus
  - death of Lepidus 13 BCE
12. Career of Sextus Pompeius
Times of Antony and Octavian
1. Rise of Antony
  1. Caesar's Murder -44 BCE
  2. Confusion after Caesars death [App. III.1-8]
  3. Brutus and Cassius depart Rome for their provincial commands in Crete and Cyrene (or Bithynia?)
  4. Dolabella takes Syria and Antonius takes Macedonia as their provinces; Dolabella takes the head of the governor of Asia, Trebonius, one of Caesar's assassins.
  5. Antony is met by four of the five Macedonian legions. (Nov. 44), but the Martian and the Fourth legion go over to Octavian soon thereafter (App. III.45)
  6. Antony ordered Decimus to take his legions to Macedonia but Decimus refused and locked himself up in Mutina- the siege of Mutina (Ap.III.49)-(cf. Cicero's Phillipics)- Battle of Forum Gallorum (modern Castelfranco- a settlement on the Aemilian way about 8 miles SE of Mutina) and the destruction of the Martian legion: 14 April, 43 BCE . Battle at Mutina, 21 April and the death of the consul Hirtius (App. III.64-72) -The consul Pansa died soon thereafter from illness
  7. Flight and death of Decimus Brutus (Ap. III.97-98) April-May 43 BCE
  8. Reconciliation of Antonius, Lepidus, Plancus and Pollio(Ap. III.83-85) Apr-July 43 BCE
  9. Founding of the ('Second') Triumvirate of Antony, Octavian and Lepidus, November 27, 43 BCE under the Lex Titia (Ap. IV.2-3)
  10. Proscriptions Nov. 43 onwards... (Ap. IV.4-51)
  11. Sextus Pompeius in Spain (IV.83-85) Dec. 43
  12. Battle of Philippi - October, 42 BCE- suicides of Cassius and M. Brutus
  13. Antony in Asia Minor: meets Cleopatra at Tarsus and visits Alexandria 41 BCE
  14. Antony marries Octavia 40 BCE
  15. Concordat of Misenum between Antony , Octavian and Sextus Pompeius- Spring, 39 BCE; Antony and Octavia winter in Athens
  16. Antony captures Samosata - 38 BCE
  17. Antony marries Cleopatra at Antioch - 37 BCE; thereafter Antony executes Antigonus
  18. Antony joins Canidius at Carana (May); Antony's failure at Phraaspa and retreat through Armenia - 36 BCE
  19. Antony invades Armenia and captures Artavasdes. Antony celebrates a triumph at Alexandria - 34 BCE
  20. Antony and Cleopatra winter in Ephesus- 33/32
  21. Octavia divorced by Antony. Antony's will published by Octavian in Rome- 32 BCE
  22. Antony and Cleopatra winter in Greece 32/31 BCE
  23. Antony defeated at battle of Actium- 2 Sept., 31 BCE
  24. Antony commits suicide 30 BCE
2. Rise of Octavian- (grandson of Caesar's sister)
  1. Master of Horse for Caesar as dictator and heir to his estate
  2. Octavian was at Apollonia on the Adriatic when Caesar was murdered; he passed to Brundisium and took on the name Caesar, son of Caesar.
  3. Octavian goes to Rome; visits Antonius
  4. Octavian goes and recruits in Campania- end of October 44 BCE Two of the Macedonian legions come over to Octavian from Antony
  5. Octavian re-enters and occupies Rome- probably in second or third week of November, 44
  6. Octavian granted imperium and declared propraetor, 43 b.c.e Css. A. Hirtius and C. Vibius Pansa.
  7. Battle of Forum Gallorum near Mutina (April 14, 43 BCE) Death of Hirtius (April 21) in combat near Mutina and soon thereafter of Pansa from illness (Cic. Letters to friends X, 30) Pansa hands his veteran legions over to Octavian and his recruits to Decimus
  8. Reconciliation with Antony - formation of the Triumvirate with Antony and Lepidus- proscriptions May-July 43 BCE
  9. L. Antonius surrenders Perusia to Octavian
  10. Agrippa campaigns in Gaul
  11. Octavian marries Livia (January, 38 BCE)
3. Rivalry - Division of the World between Antony & Octavian
  - Battle of Actium: September 2, 31 BCE
4. Summary

Empire and Collapse

Principate- diarchy- early empire
1. Reign of Augustus 27 BCE-14 CE Gaius Octavius Julius Caesar
  1. Provinces
  2. Frontiers
  3. Age of Patronage and Literature
    - Maecenas (death of Maecenas in 8 b.c.e)
  4. Emperor Worship
  5. Birth of Jesus Christ - probably in 4 BCE
  6. Marcus Agrippa (d. 12 BCE)
  7. Career of Octavian after being declared Augustus (for earlier career see above)
    1. born 23 Sept., 63 BCE
    2. proclaimed Augustus, 16 Jan, 27 BCE- provincial imperium for ten years conferred on Octavian- Augustus goes to Gaul and Spain until 25 BCE
    3. Augustus ill; conspiracy of Caepio and Murena- Augustus resigns the consulsip and receives proconsulkare imperium maius and tribunicia potestas- 23 BCE
    4. Augustus refuses dictatorship and consulship for life, but accepts the curae annonae. Augustus in Greece and Asia for 3 years 22.BCE
    5. Augustus returns to Rome; the arch of Augustus is set up over the Via Sacra- 19 BCE
    6. Augustus' imperium extended for five years- 18 BCE
    7. Augustus adopts his grandsons, Gaius and Lucius. Celebrations of the Saecular games. Horace's Carmen Saeculare- 17 BCE
    8. Augustus in Gaul for four years 16-13 BCE
    9. Return of Augustus to Rome- extension of his imperium for five years- dedication of the theatre of Marcellus 13 BCE
    10. Augustus becomes Pontifex Maximus 12 BCE
    11. Dedication of the Ara Pacis Augustae 9 BCE
    12. Augustus' imperium extended by 10 years- census held 8 BCE
    13. Augustus' twelth consulship 5 BCE
    14. Augustus' thirteenth consulship- Augustus receives the title Pater Patriae- dedication of the temple of Mars Ultor- 2 BCE
    15. Augustus' imperium extended by 10 years 3 A.D.
    16. Tiberius adopted by Augustus and invested with tribunicia potestas for ten years- Tiberius required to adopt Germanicus- Germanicus sent to Germany 4 CE
    17. Augustus banishes Ovid to Tomis (modern Costanza) on the Black Sea 8 CE
    18. Defeat of Varus by Arminius in the Black Forest of Germany and the loss of three entire legions 9 CE
    19. Augustus' imperium extended for ten years 13 CE
    20. died 19 Aug, 14 CE at Nola in Campania
  8. Family
2. Julian Emperors
  1. Tiberius Caesar Augustus 14-37
  2. Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus[Caligula] 37-41
3. Claudian Emperors
  1. Claudius (Ti. Claudius Neros Drusus Germanicus) Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus 41-54
  2. Nero (L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, after his adoption Ti. Claudius Drusus Germanicus Caesar) Imp. Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus 54-69
    - Clodius Macer- North African Rebel
4. Flavian Emperors
  1. Galba (Ser. Sulpicius) 69 CE
  2. Otho ( M. Salvius Otho) Imp. M. Otho Caesar Augustus 69 CE
  3. Vitelius (A. Vitellius) 69 CE
  4. Vespasianus (Titus Flavius Vespasianus) Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Augustus 69-79 CE
  5. Titus (Titus Flavius Vespasianus) 79-81 CE
  6. Domitianus (T. Flavius Domitianus) Imp. Caesar Domitianus Augustus 81-96 CE
5. Good Emperors
  1. Nerva (M. Cocceius Nerva) Imp. Caesar Nerva Augustus 96-98 CE
  2. Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus) Imp. Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus 98-117 CE
    1. Administration
    2. Conquests
  3. Hadrian (P. Aelius Hadrianus) Imp. Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus 117-138 CE
  4. Antoninus Pius (T. Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus, after his adoption T. Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius) Imp. Caesar T. Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius 138-160 CE
  5. Marcus Aurelius (M. Annius Catilius Severus, after his adoption M. Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar) Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Antoninus Augustus 161-180 CE
    1. Famine and plague
    2. encroachments on frontier
    3. persecution of the Christians
    4. philosophy
6. Summary of Early Empire
  1. defence of the empire
  2. frontier walls and roads
  3. provinces
  4. extension of Roman citizenship
  5. Development of Roman Law
  6. Spread of the Latin language
  7. Municipalities
  8. commerce and industry
  9. social conditions
  10. the Greco-Roman world
Soldier Emperors-despotism-absolute monarchy-decline 180-284 CE
1. Commodus 180-192 CE
2. Pertinax 193 CE - proclaimed emperor (Jan 1) but murdered by the Praetorians (28 March)
3. Didius Iulianus 193 CE -emperor April 13, put to death 1 June
4. Clodius Albinus 193 CE Governor of Britain
5. C. Pescennius Niger 193 CE
6. The Severan Dynasty
  1. Septimius Severus - Imp. Caesar L. Septimius Severus Pertinax Augustus-193-211 CE
    1. Severus in Egypt 199-200 CE
    2. Severus returns to Rome 202 CE
    3. Severus in Africa 203-4 CE
    4. Severus leaves Rome for Britain 208 CE
    5. Death of Severus at York (4 Feb., 211 CE)
  2. Caracalla (Septimius Bassianus, named in 196 M. Aurelius Antoninus) Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Antoninus Augustus 211-218 CE
    1. all inhabitants of the empire become citizens 212 CE
    2. assassinated near Carrhae (8 April)
  3. Lucius Septimius Geta 209-212 CE
    1. proclaimed Emperor with his father
    2. assassinated in his mothers arms at the instigation of his brother Caracalla, age 22.
  4. Macrinus 217-218 CE
  5. Elagabalus 218-222 CE -proclaimed Emperor at Raphaneae (16 May), after his supporters defeat Macrinus, who is put to death- Elegabulus winters at Nicomedia 218 CE
  6. Alexander Severus 222-235 CE
7. The Age of Military Anarchy
  1. Maximinus I 235-238 CE
  2. Gordion I Africanus 238
  3. Gordion II Africanus 238
  4. Balbinus 238
  5. Pupienus 238
  6. Gordion III 238-244
  7. Philip I The Arab Imp. Caesar M. Iulius Philippus Augustus 244-249
  8. Philip II
  9. Pacatian
  10. Jotapian
  11. Trajan Decius - Imp. Caesar C. Messius Quintus Traianus Decius Augustus 249-251
  12. Herennius Etruscus
  13. Hostilian
  14. Trebonius Gallus 251-253
  15. Volusianus 251-253
  16. Aemilianus 253
  17. Uranius Antoninus
  18. Valerian- 253-260
    - taken prisoner by the Sassanids and made into a footstool for the Shah -259 CE
  19. Gallienus 253-268 CE
  20. Saloninus
  21. Macrianus
  22. Quietus
  23. Regalianus
  24. Claudius II Gothicus
  25. Quintillus 270
  26. Aurelian 270-275
  27. Tacitus 275-276
  28. Florian 276
  29. Probus 276-282
  30. Saturninus
  31. Carus 282-283
  32. Carinus 283-285
  33. Numerian 283-284
  34. Julian 284-285
  35. (secessionist empire of the late 3rd century)
Reconstruction - Absolute Monarchy 284-337
1. The Jovian and Herculian Dynasties and the House of Constantine
2. Diocletian 284-305
  1. Caius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus
  2. abdicated 1 May, CE 305
3. Civil War 305-313
  1. Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus 286-305
  2. Domitius Domitianus
  3. Constantius I Chlorus 293-306
  4. Galerius Maximianus 293-311
  5. Severus II
  6. Maximianus II
  7. Maxentius
  8. Alexander
  9. Licinius
  10. Valens
  11. Martinian
4. Constantine the Great 313-337 CE
  1. organization
  2. recognition of Christianity
    - decline of paganism
    - scepticism
      - Greek mysteries
      - orphic mysteries
    - Eleusinian mysteries
    - Oriental Mysteries
      - Magna Mater
      - Isis
      - Mithra
    - stoicism
  3. growth of Christianity
    1. early church organizations
    2. Edict of Galerius311
    3. Battle of the Mulvian bridge and the conversion of Constantine 312
    4. edict of Milan313
    5. donation of Constantine
    6. Constantine Sole Emperor 324-337
    7. First Ecumenical Council at Nicaea 325
    8. Christian influence on society
      - undermining force on classical society
      - moral effect
      - social effect
      - conversion of Germans
    9. Neoplatonism
    10. Elements of disintegration
Teutonic Invasions
1. German Tribes
2. Successors of Constantine 337-378
3. Theodosius I 379-395
  - Paganism proscribed 391
4. Theodosius II emperor of the east
  1. Visigoths and the sack of Rome under Alaric 410
  2. Vandals invade Africa 429
Fall and decline of Rome
1. Vandals and the sack of Rome 455
2. Defeat of the Huns 451
3. Angles and Saxons invade Britain 449->
4. Romulus Augustulus ad the fall of the western empire 476
Causes of the fall and decline of Rome
1. Political
2. Financial
3. Economic
4. Social
5. Racial
6. Intellectual
7. Religious
8. Moral

Roman Culture

Introduction
1. Geography of Italy
  1. characteristics
  2. natural divisions of Italy
2. Peoples of Italy
  1. Indo-Europeans
    1. Italians
      1. Umbrians
      2. Oscans
      3. Sabellians
      4. Latins
      5. Samnites
    2. Greeks
    3. Gauls
    4. Venetians
  2. non-Indo-Europeans
    1. Etruscans
    2. Ligurians
3. Institutions
  1. Religion
    1. Divinities
    2. Family Religion
    3. State Religion: The Sibylline oracles declared that the Romans should establish a temple of the Magna Mater Diod. 34/35.33, 36.13; Plutarch Marius 17.5-6 Polybius 21.37.5
  2. Social Organization
    1. Family
    2. agnatio and cognatio
    3. gens
    4. curia
    5. tribe
    6. name
    7. patricians and plebeians
    8. clientage
    9. hospitium
  3. Government
    1. king
    2. senate
    3. assembly
Cultural History
1. Society
  1. Houses
  2. Furniture
    - The Torus
    - Roman Sim Furniture ("Wow," says Mr. Farlops, "educational software has come a long way!")
    - Classical Roman Furniture
    - Ancient Oil Lamps
    - Roman Society
  3. Food
  4. Care of the body/ hygiene
  5. clothing
  6. education
  7. occupations
  8. slavery
    - Mare Nostrum: Slavery in Ancient Rome
  9. marriage
  10. social life
  11. sickness, death, burials
  12. womens issues
2. Religion and Morals
  1. paganism
  2. christianity
3. Philosophy
  1. Hellenistic Influence
  2. Lucretius (98-55 bce)
  3. Seneca
  4. Epictetus - The Discourses
  5. Marcus Aurelius (121-180 ce)
    1. Bust Portrait
    2. A brief biography
    3. Meditations
      1. Text of Book I
      2. complete text
    4. Eutropius on Marcus Aurelius
    5. M.A Lecture Hall and Chat board
  6. St. Augustine
4. History
  1. Fabius Pictor - The first Roman annalist- his history covered Rome's history from Aeneas up unitl the 2nd Punic war
  2. Polybius (c. 201-122 bce)
  3. Caesar
  4. Sallust
  5. Titus Livy
  6. Tacitus
  7. Ammianus Marcellinus
  8. Cassius Dio
  9. Dionyssius of Halicarnassus
  10. Justin- epitome of the Philippic Histories of Pompeius Trogus
5. Biography
  1. Cornelius Nepos
  2. Suetonius
  3. Plutarch
6. Literature
  1. Republic
  2. Ennius
  3. Plautus
  4. Terence
  5. Cato
  6. Cicero
  7. Lucretius
  8. Catullus
  9. Ovid
  10. Tibullus
  11. Gallus
  12. Propertius
7. Oratory
  1. Marcus Antonius (PW 28), pr. 102, Consul 99 bce)
  2. Cato
  3. Cicero
    1. De Oratore
    2. Orator
    3. Brutus
    4. Phillipics
  4. C. I. Caesar
  5. Cornelius Celsus & P. Rutilius Rupus
  6. Pliny the Elder(PW 5) (CE 23/24-79)
  7. Quintilian (30 CE- c. 96?)
  8. Aelius Aristides (CE 117 or 129-81 or later)
8. Art and Architecture
9. Science
  1. Pliny the Elder
  2. Galen
  3. Strabo
  4. Ptolemy
  5. Medicine