Greece

From the Minoans to the Rise of Sparta

  1. Period of Development ---500 BCE
  2. Aegean Civilization c. 3000-776 BCE
    1. Minoan Age c. 3000-1500 BCE
      • Eruption of Thera (Santorini) - 1628 BCE
      • Mycenaean Age c. 1500-1200
      • Hittites
      • Trojans
      • Tiryns
      • Mycenae
      • Greek migrations
      • Cycladic cultures
    2. Epic Age c.1200-776
      1. Heroes of Argolis
        • Danaos
        • Perseus
        • Heracles
      2. Heroes of Attica
        • Cecrops
        • Theseus
      3. Heroes of Thebes
        • Cadmus
        • Oedipus
      4. Lycurgus
      5. Argonauts
      6. Trojan War- Homer c. 800-700
      7. Greeks adopt the Phoenician script c. 850-750
  3. Development of Early Athens 776-500
    1. 776 is the date of the first Olympiad
    2. Monarchy ------753
    3. Aristocracy 753-650
      • Union of Attica c. 700
      • beginning of archon-lists 683
      • Hesiod, author of Works and Days and Theogony
    4. Oligarchy 650-594
      1. Draconian laws (621/620): (Arist. Ath. Pol. 4, 41.2) - homicide laws & other penalties- very severe
      2. reforms of Solon the Lawgiver
      3. Cylon's attempted tyranny in Athens c. 632 BCE
    5. Timocracy 594-560 
      1. Constitutional Reforms
      2. Economic and Social Reforms 
        1. Damasias Archon in Athens
        2. first Pythian games 582 BCE
        3. beginning of coinage in Athens c. 575 BCE
        4. first Panathenaic Games 566
    6. Tyranny 560-510 BCE 
      1. Pisistratus 560-527
      2. Hippias & Hipparchus 527-510
        •  c. 519 Athens, allied to Plataea, defeats Thebes
    7. Democracy 510------ 
      1. Campaign of Cleisthenes
      2. Reforms of Cleisthenes 
        • Political Classification
        • Magistrates
        • Council of the Areopagus
        • Council of 500
        • Assembly
        • Heliaea
        • Ostracism Diod. XI.87
  4. The Polis of Sparta 
    1. Customs
    2. Classes 
      • Helots
      • Perioikoi
      • Spartans
    3. Government 
      • The Two Kings
      • Ephors
      • Gerousia
      • Apella
    4. Early Events in Sparta 
      1. Beginning of the Ephor lists in Sparta (754)
      2. First Messenian War (@720)
      3. Second Messenian War (650)
      4. Sparta starts war with Tegea c. 560
  5. Colonization (@756-550) 
    1. Causes 
      • Wanderlust
      • Overpopulation
      • Growth of Commerce
      • Growth of Commerce
      • Political Unrest
    2. Organization of the Colonies
    3. Centers
      • Black Sea
        1. foundation of Cyzicus and Trapezus (Trabzond) by the Miletans c.756 BCE
        2. foundation of Sinope by the Miletans c. 629 BCE
      • Bosphorus & Hellespont 
        • foundation of Byzantium by Byzas the Megarian (@660)
      • Chalcidice
      • Ionian Sea
        • foundation of Naxos by Chalcis
      • Magna Graecia
        • colony in Ischia (@750)
        • foundation of Tarentum by Sparta (@708-6 BCE) [Strabo , l.c. 3-4; Diodorus XV.66]
        • Poseidonia (Paestum) by Sybaris
        • foundation of Cumae by Chalchis
        • foundation of Poseidonia (Paestum) by Sybaris
      • Sicily
        • foundation of Syracuse by Corinth (@733)
      • Gaul
      • Africa
        • foundation of Cyrene by Thera
    4. Sparta during the Peloponnesian wars (431-404)
      • Cratessipiddas -Lysander: Xen Hell. I.5.1 ff. friendship of Lysander and Cyrus; sent out again as vice-admiral upon the request of the allies and of Persia in 406 BCE - Callicratidas Xen Hell. I.6.1 ff. -Agis -Agesilaos
    5. Spartan supremacy 404-371 BCE (see below)

From Wars with Persia to Pericles

  1. Events in Early Greece (----500 BCE)
    1. Argives defeat Spartans at Hysiae c. 669 BCE
    2. the first Greek naval battle recorded, between Corinth and Corcyra c. 664 BCE
    3. another sea battle between Corinth and Corcyra c.660 BCE
    4. Theagenes becomes tyrant of Megara c. 640 BCE
    5. Periander becomes tyrant in Corinth 625 BCE
    6. Thrasybulus tyrant at Miletus 610
    7. Cleisthenes becomes tyrant at Sicyon 600
    8. first Pythian games 582 - c582 end of tyranny in Corinth
    9. temple at Delphi burnt 548 BCE
    10. Pythagoras arrives in Croton c. 530
    11. death of Polycrates, tyrant of Samos c. 523 BCE
    12. expedition of Darius, king of the Persians, to Scythia:conquest of Thrace c. 512 BCE
    13. Spartan expedition against Athens 511 BCE
    14. Cleomenes leads second expedition against Athens 510 BCE
    15. Athenians defeat Boeotians and Chalcidians 506 BCE
  2. Flourishing Period (500-362)
    1. Persian Wars
      1. Early Events
        1. Destruction of Sybaris (501)
        2. Outbreak of the Ionian Revolt (499)
          1. Histiaeus & Aristagoras, tyrants of Miletus
          2. Aristagoras at Sparta and Athens 498
        3. Ionians and allies take Sardis; Sardis destroyed (498)
        4. Ionians defeated at battle of Lade; Persians take Miletus ; Spartans defeat Argives at Sepeia (494)
        5. Themistocles archon at Athens 493 BCE
      2. Causes
      3. First Expedition ; Mardonius in Thrace (492)
      4. Second Expedition (490)
        1. Preparations
        2. Capture of Eretria
        3. Battle of Marathon
      5. Ten Years Respite (490-480)
        1. Expedition of Miltiades against Paros; his trial and condemnation c. 489 BCE
        2. Gelon's Olympic victory 488 BCE
        3. first election of archons by lot in Athens; ostracism of Hipparchus 487 BCE
        4. war of Athens and Aegina c. 487 BCE
        5. ostracism of Megacles; treaty of Rome with the Hernici 486
        6. Darius I dies; ascent of Xerxes I 485 BCE
        7. ostracism of Xanthippos - first victory of Aeschylus 484 BCE
        8. Persians build canal through Isthmus of Mt. Athos, bridge Strymon & Hellespont (483-481)
        9. discovery of fresh silver veins in the Laurion mines: subsequent increasse of Athenian navy: Themistocles Decree to build fleet
        10. Ostracism of Aristeides- Pythian victory of Hieron in horse race 482
        11. Xerxes at Sardis; Greek congress at Isthmus 481
      6. Third Expedition (480-479)
        1. Preparation: Xerxes allied with the Carthaginians against the Greeks; Xerxes had a massive fleet built throughout his dominions and assembled them at Cyme and Phocaea Diod. XI.2; Persians build canal through Isthmus of Mt. Athos, bridge Strymon & Hellespont
        2. Battle of Thermopylae (480) Diod. XI.4-11
        3. Battle of Artemisium (480) Diod. XI.12; Xerxes passed through Boeotia and ravaged it; then he burned Plataea and ravaged Attica burning Athens to the ground
        4. Battle of Salamis (480) Diod. XI.15-19
        5. Mardonius in Attica (479) Diod. XI.28
        6. Battle of Plataea (479) Diod. XI.29-33
        7. Battle of Mycale (479) Diod. XI.34-6; dismay of Xerxes and flight back to Ecbatana
        8. Persians capture and destroy Babylon (479)
      7. Results
    2. Period of Athenian Supremacy (479-451) : Athenian Empire: [Diod. Sic. XI]
      1. Rebuilding of Athens and her walls Diod. XI.39-40; construction of Peiraeus as a harbour under Themistocles Diod. XI.41-43
      2. Delian Confederation - a confederation led by Athens and including many of the cities of the Aegean, Caria and of the Ionians.
        1. Conclusion of Persian Wars
        2. Fate of Pausanias Diod. XI.44-46
        3. Formation of the Delian League (477) Diod. xi.47
        4. Revolts of Naxos (469)
          1. Thasos (465/463)
          2. Athenians allied with the Egyptians in their alliance vs. the Persians 463-461 BCE

            Revolt against the Persians> King Inaros coronated 463 BCE Diod XI.71. The Athenians were allied with the Egyptians in this war and had sent many ships and troops there. The Persians lost a battle and took refuge in the 'White Fortress' 462-461 BCE Diod XI.74; Thuc. 1.104 The Persian generals Artabazus and Megabyzus passed from Cilicia through Phoenicia and Syria with a massive fleet and army and invaded Egypt, first coming to the aid of the besieged 'White Fortress', and then engaged the Athenian forces there, isolating the army and its fleet on the island of Prosopitis by diverting the river course via canals. Some of the Athenians made truce and returned safely to Athens. Diod. XI.77; Thuc. I.110

        5. Creation of the Athenian Empire (454)
          1. League treasury moved from Delos to the acropolis
          2. The Athenians resolved to make war upon the Persians on behalf of the Greeks in Asia Minor. They sent a fleet under Cimon, son of Miltiades, to Cyprus (450)
          3. Cimon subdues Cyprus (449)
          4. Megarians revolt from the Athenians and make an alliance with the Lacedaemonians (448) Diod. XII.5.1-7
          5. Athens sides with Cercyraea in the 'Corinthian War' (436)
          6. Incited by Corinth, Potidaea revolts from Athens (435) Diod. xii.34 Athens besieges Potidaea (433-432)- beginning of Thucydides' historical narrative
          7. The Metonic cycle- the Athenian Meton revealed to the public his nineteen-year-cycle beginning 13th day of the Athenian month Scirophorion (the summer soltice of that year) : designed to adjust the lunar year to the solar year
      3. Relations between Athens and Sparta
        1. Ostracism of Themistocles (472-470*) Thuc. 1.135; Diod. XI.54-55; Themistocles flees from his enemies first to Molossus and then to the Persian King Xerxes Diod XI.56
        2. Exile and death of Themistocles Diod. XI.57-58
        3. Cimon in Asia Minor: departing from Byzantium he took Eion from the Persians (476); later he campaigned in Lycia and Caria; naval battle in Cyprus c. 468 BCE Battle of Eurymedon in Pisidia 467/6 Diod XI.61)
        4. Death of Aristeides (468)
        5. Third Messenian War (464-456)
          • violent earthquake in 469 killing many Spartans incites a revolt of the Helots Diod. XI.63-64
        6. Revolt of the Aeginitans against the Athenians Diod. XI.70
        7. Athens dispatches a fleet and army to aid the Egyptians in their revolt against the Persians 462- they fought bravely but were finally cut off on an island Diod. XI.77; Thuc. 1.110
        8. Ostracism of Cimon (461)
        9. War of Athens vs. the Corinthians and Epidaurians (459) Diod. XI.78
        10. A land quarrel between the Megarians and the Corinthians arose- the Megarians allied themselves with the Athenians.
        11. The Athenians attacked the Lacedaemonians returning from defending their kinsmen the Dorians against the Phocians resulting in the Battle of Tanagra in Boeotia (457) Diod. XI.80; Thuc. I.108
        12. The Athenians continued to campaign in Boeotia laying waste the land, resulting in the Battle of Oenophyta- Thuc. i.10, Diod. XI.83 (457-456)
        13. Campaign of the Athenian general Tolmides in Laconia, Zacynthos, Cephallonia (456)
        14. Continental Federation (456-447)
        15. Rise of Pericles: Pericles the son of Xanthippus was elected as general in (455) Diod. XI.85
        16. A five year peace was agreed upon between Athens and Sparta conducted by Cimon the Athenian (454) Diod. XI.86
        17. Pericles ravaged Sicyonian territory (453) and AcarnaniaOstracism of Cimon (461)
        18. Rise of Pericles
        19. Battle of Oenophyta- Thuc. i.108 (455)
        20. Continental Federation (456-447); The Lacedaemonians invaded Attica and ravaged a large part of the countryside Diod. xii.7
        21. Peace of Pericles (445)
        22. Samos revolts from the Athenians; Pericles leads a fleet against Samos Diod. xii.27-28

          Corinthian War 435 Diod. xii.30 'civil strife broke out among the Epidamnians who dwell upon the Adriatic and are colonists of the Cercyraeans...the successful group sent into exile large numbers of their opponents, but the exiles gathered into one body, associated the Illyrians with themselves, and sailed together with them against Epidamnus...the Epidamnians dispatched ambassadors to Cercyra and failing, thereupon called upon the Corinthians, who took up the cause of Epidamnus' Diod. xii.30 both the Corinthians and the Cercyraeans sent ambassadors to Athens> the Athenians chose the Cercyraeans

      4. Age of Pericles
        1. Democracy
          • Government
          • Criticism
        2. Imperialism

Peloponnesian Wars to Macedonia

  1. Peloponnesian Wars (431-404)
    1. Causes
      • Fundamental
      • Immediate
        1. Athens vs. Megara
        2. Athens vs. Aegina
        3. Athens vs. Corinth
    2. First Period (431-421) 
      1. opening years (431-429)
      2. Revolt of Lesbos (428-427)
      3. Fall of Platea (427)
      4. Fall of Pylos (426)
      5. Cythera, Chalcidice, Delium (424)
      6. Battle of Amphipolis (422)
      7. Peace of Nicias (421)
    3. Second Period (421-413)
      1. Formation of the Argive League
      2. Rise and carreer of Alcibiades
        • battles with the Spartans in Asia Minor (411-410 BCE); first exile; return to Athens Xen Hell. I.4.11-20 ; lost his command and was exiled again after the battle of Notium in 407 Xen Hell. I.5.16. - went into semiretirement in the Chersonnesus [cf. Plut.Life of Alcibiades; Isocrates XVI.37; Justin V.8.12; Diod. XIV.11]
      3. Battle of Manitinea (418)
      4. Fall of Melos (416)
      5. Sicilian Expedition(415-413)
        1. Ambitions of Carthage
        2. Hegemony of Syracuse
        3. Appeal of Segesta (415)
        4. Dispatch of the expedition (415)
        5. Mutilation of the Herms
        6. Siege of Syracuse (414-413)
        7. Results of the Sicilian expedition 
      6. Seizure of Decelea (413)
    4. Third Period 413-404 BCE 
      1. Aegean Revolt 413-412 BCE
      2. Persian-Spartan Alliance 412-400 (*) BCE
        • Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, the Persian satraps in Caria and Lydia/Phrygia (Sardis/Gordium) respectively and later the command of Cyrus cf. Xen Hell. passim
      3. Rule of the 400 (411 BCE)
      4. Battle of Cyzicus (410 BCE) Xen. Hell. I.1.16-20 Diodorus Siculus XIII.49 ff.
      5. Battle of Notion (407 BCE) Xen Hell. I.5.10-14; Diodorus XIII.71
      6. Command of Conon: Xen Hell. I.5.16 ff.; Conon trapped in Mytiline by Callicratidas Xen Hell. I.6.15 ff.; escapes from Aegospotami
      7. Battle of Arginusae (406 BCE) Xen Hell. I.6.26-35; Diodorus Siculus XIII.76-9 & 97-100. Subsequently the Athenians condemned the generals (who had won the battle!) for not picking up the survivors, although it would seem that a strong storm had prevented them from doing so Xen Hell. I.7.1 ff.
      8. Battle of Aegospotami (405 BCE) the devastating loss of the entire Athenian fleet effectively ended the war- Xen Hell. II.1.20-32
      9. Fall of Athens (405 BCE) Xen Hell. II.2.1 ff.
      10. Terms of Peace (404 BCE) -destruction of the long walls and the walls of Piraeus; dismemberment of the Empire
    5. Results of the Peloponnesian War
  2. Spartan & Oligarchic Supremacy (404-371)
    1. Athens under hegemony of Sparta
      1. Establishment of Dekarchies
      2. Rise and Rule of The Thirty in Athens (404-403) Xen Hell. II.3.2 ff.
        1. Thirty xungrafeis appointed to draw up a new constitution: board of ten to rule Piraeus; establishment of a Spartan garrison in Athens to support the thirty
        2. Proscriptions under Critias, and the murder of Theramenes by the eleven under Critias Xenophon's Hellenika II.3.11-56
        3. Seizure of Eleusis Xen Hell. II.4.8 ff.
      3. The Troika and the rebuilding of Democracy
        1. Archinus
        2. Thrasyboulos (d. 388); Thrasyboulos led a group of Athenian exiles from Thebes and siezed the stroing fortress of Phyle Xen Hell. II.4.2 ff; battle at the Piraeus on the hill of Munychia Hell. II.4.10-22
        3. Thrasymachus
        4. Anytus
        5. Theramenes
          1. member of the Four Hundred- 411 BCE
          2. Operating with a fleet on hellespont 410 BCE
          3. In charge of rescue at Arginusae 406 BCE
          4. Peace negotiated with Lysander 404 BCE
          5. Killed by Critias and the thirty in Athens 403 BCE
        6. Rivalry between Lysander and Pausanias Hell II.4.29 ff and the new settlement at Athens
        7. Amnesty
    2. Expedition (Anabasis) of the 10,000 under Xenophon 401-400 BCE
    3. Persian-Spartan War (400-396 BCE) Xen Hell. III.1.3 ff.; Diodorus XIV, passim
    4. Agesilaus in Asia:
      1. War between Sparta and Elis (401-400) Xen Hell III.2.21-31; Diod. XIV.17 & 34
      2. Death of Agis and the accession of Agesilaus; conspiracy of Cinadon in Sparta Hell. III.3.1 ff.
      3. Agesilaus in Asia; Lysander in the Hellespont (396-395 BCE) Xen. III.4.2 ff.
      4. Campaign of Sparta against Thebes under Lysander and Pausanias; death of Lysander at Thebes and the condemnation of Pausanias (395 BCE) Xen Hell. III.5
      5. Agesilaus in the satrapy of Pharnabazus 395-394 BCE Xen Hell. IV.1; Agesilaus recalled to Greece; Agesilaus marched back to Greece via Thrace and Thessaly Xen IV.3.1 f.- eclipse of the sun :14 August 394 BCE -Battle of Agesilaus against the Thebans at Coronea 394 Xen IV.3.16-21.
      6. ***Battle of Cnidus- the Athenian general Conon defeats the Spartan fleet 394 *** diod 14.83; xv.35
    5. Corinthian War (395-387) 
      1. Causes- formation of an alliance against Sparta; Revolution in Corinth and the seizure of power by the Argives 393 BCE-- massacre in the city during the festival of Artimis Euclea.
      2. Events
        • Spartan victory at Nemea 394 BCE - Spartans in Lechaeum and Sicyon - campaign against Argos in 391 under Agesilaus - Agesilaus attacks Piraeum
      3. Disaster of the Spartan garrison at Lechaeum 390 [campaigns of Agesilaus in Acarnania 389 BCE Xen Hell IV.6] Spartan operations vs Argos 388 Xen Hell IV.7
      4. Treaty of Antalcides and the King's Peace: (387) Xen. Hell. IV.8.14 & V.1.25 &. V.1.29-36) Isocrates iv.120; Todd GHI #118
      5. Results
    6. Decline of Sparta 383-371 BCE
      1. Seizure of the Cadmea 383/2 ? BCE Diodorus Siculus XV.20
      2. War between Lacedaemonians and Olynthians 381-380 Diod. Sic. XV.21-24
      3. Liberation of Thebes 379 BCE Xen Hell V.4; cf. Isocrates Panegyricus, 126; Plutarch's Pelopidas,6 and De Genio Socratis, 576A; Nepos Pelopidas, 1; Polybius 4.27.4
      4. Outbreak of the Boeotian War 378 BCE ; attempt by the Spartans to seize Peiraeus at night Diod. XV.29
      5. Formation of the New Athenian confederacy 377 BCE Diod Sic. XV.28; Xen Hellenica V.4.34-36.3; cf. IG, 2.43; 40-42,44,45,82,95-101; war of the Spartans with the Athenians: campaigns of Agesilaos in Boeotia
      6. Battle of Naxos 376 BCE- Chabrias the Athenian attacked the Naxians and the Spartans came to their assistance; Theban expedition and victory against Orchomenus Diod. xv.37
      7. 375-4 BCE Social Revolution in the Peloponnesian cities: many cities especially in the Peloponnese, having been granted autonomy, were immersed in conflict between oligarchs and Democrats and their supporters Diod. Sic. XV.40; Lacedaemonian attempt to seize upon the island of Corcyra Diod. xv.46-4; Plataea having gone over to the Athenians was destroyed by the Boeotians Diod. xv.46 (374)
      8. massive earthquakes in the Peloponnese and an ensuing tidal wave destroying the cities of Helice and Bura especially 373 BCE Diod. xv.48-49
      9. Peace Convention- a general peace of all the Greek cities except Thebes was agreed upon- Diod. xv.50 371 BCE The Spartans insisted that Thebes release her hold of the cities in Boeotia and the Thebans failed to comply whereupon the Spartans marched against Thebes under Cleombrotos resulting in the Battle of Leuctra>
      10. Battle of Leuctra -astounding victory of the outnumbered Thebans under the command of the Theban general Epameinondas against the Spartans under Cleombrotos who lost his life in the battle ---- 371 BCE Xen Hell. VI.4; Diodorus XV.53-56
      11. Activities of Jason of Pherae: - invaded Locris and Perrhaebia, and later became master of all Thessaly; allied himself with the king of Macedon Amyntas (371-370); Jason assassinated in 370 (Diod. xv.60)
      12. Battle of Orchomenus: the Spartans lost a battle against the Arcadians (Diodorus XV.62; Xen Hell. 6.5.14), and then the Arcadians called in the Thebans as their allies (Demosthenes 16.12,19, Xen Hell. 6.5.19; Diodorus XV.62)
  3. Theban Supremacy 371-362 BCE
    1. Re-foundation of Messene 370 BCE (Diod. XV.66; Plutarch Pelopidas 24,5, Agesilaus , 34.1; Pausanias, 4.26-7; 9.14.5; Isocrates, Archidamus, 28), and of Megalopolis (370-368? BCE) BCE (Diod. XV.72; Pausanias; Marmor Par.)
    2. First Theban invasion of Laconia (winter 370-369 BCE) Xen Hell. VI.5.22-32; Plutarch Pelopidas, 24, Agesilaus 31-32; Aelian , Var Hist. 14.27; Pausanias 9.14; Polyaenus 2.1.14,15,27,29; Nepos Agesilaus, 6; Diodorus XV.63-64
    3. Second Theban invasion of the Peloponnese (summer 369 BCE)- Epameinondas forces his way across the fortifications at the isthmus [Xen. Hell. VII.1; Diod XV.68]
    4. The 'Tearless Battle'- the Lacedaemonians fought a great battle with the Arcadians in which many thousands of Arcadians were slain but not a single Lacedaemonian -368 BCE [Diodorus XV.72; Xen Hell 7.1.28-32; Plutarch Agesilaus 33.3]
    5. Another general peace was arranged throughout Greece sponsored by the Persian King Artaxerxes 366 BCE [Xen Hell 7.1.39; Diod XV.76]
    6. Battle of Mantinea (362 BCE) Xen Hell. VII.5
    7. Epameinondas harangues the people of Thebes into attempting to seize mastery of the seas 364 BCE Diod. XV.78
    8. Pelopidas of Thebes marches against Alexander of Pherae along with the Thessalians at the time of an eclipse of the sun (13 July 364 BCE) and fights a battle at Cynoscephalae [Diod. XV.80; Plutarch Pelopidas, 31-35; Nepos, Pelopidas 5]
    9. Strife between the Mantineians and the Tegeans in Arcadia- the Tegeans allied with the Boeotians and the Mantineans with the Athenians (Diod. XV.82; Xen Hell. 7.4.34-5); Epameinondas attacks Sparta virtually unprotected while the army is in Tegea (Diod. XV.83; Xen. Hell 7.5.4-17; Polybius , 9.8; Plutarch Agesilaus 34)
    10. Battle of Mantinea (362 BCE) Xen Hell. VII.5; Diodorus XV.84-87; see Glotz Hist Gr. 3.177, n.101; a general Truce was agreed upon throughout Greece following the battle by all except the Spartans
    11. ****Failure of the Greek city state system***
  4. Period of Decline (362-146 BCE)

Alexander and Hellenic Times

  1. Rise of Macedonia (362-336 BCE)
    1. Country and people
    2. Kings of Macedonia 
      1. Karanos
      2. Koinos
      3. Tyrimmas
      4. Perdiccas I circa 653 BCE
      5. Argaios son of Perdiccas I circa 623 BCE
      6. Philip I circa 593 BCE
      7. Aeropus I circa 563 BCE
      8. Alcetas circa 533 BCE
      9. Amyntas I circa 503 until c.497 BCE
      10. Alexander I "the Philhellene (circa 497-454)
      11. Perdiccas II (circa 454-413)
      12. Archelaos (413-399 BCE)
      13. Orestes (399-396 BCE)
      14. Aeropus II (396-circa393 BCE)
      15. Pausanias (ca. 393 BCE)
      16. Amyntas II "The Little" (ca. 393 BCE)
      17. Amyntas III son of Arrhideus, son of Alex. I (392-370)
      18. Argaios (ca. 390)
      19. Alexander II son of Amyntas III (370-368) Marmor Par. 72; Diodorus XV.60
      20. Ptolemaios Olorites son of Amyntas, assassinated his brother-in-law Alexander and became king [Diod. xv.71] ---(368-365)
      21. Perdiccas III son of Amyntas III, assassinated his brother-in law Ptolemaios Olorites and became king (365-359) [Diod. XV.78]
      22. Philip II son of Amyntas III (359-336)
      23. Alexander III Magnus son of Philip II (336-323)
      24. Philip III Arrhideus son of Philip II (323-317)
      25. Alexander IV son of Alexander III & Roxanne(323-310)
    3. Philip II 
      1. Capture of Potidaea, Amphipolis, etc. (359-351)
      2. Athenian Social War (357-346)
      3. Capture of Olynthus (347)
    4. Philip in Greece (346-338) 
      1. Sacred War (356-346)
      2. Battle of Chaeronea (338)
      3. Council of Corinth (338-337)
    5. Death of Philip (336)
  2. Reign of Alexander the Great of Macedon 336-323 BCE
    1. Alexander The Great (Magnus)
    2. Conquest of Asia Minor 334-333 
      1. Crossing of the Hellespont 334
      2. Battle of the Granicus 334
      3. Cutting of the Gordian knot
      4. Battle of Issus 333
    3. Conquest of Syria 332
    4. Conquest of Egypt 332 
      • The temple of Amon at Siwa
    5. Conquest of Persia 331-330 
      1. March through Syria
      2. Battle of the Arbela 331
      3. Capture of Babylon, Susa, Ninevah 331
    6. Conquest of the further east 330-325
    7. Death and the problem of succession 323 BCE- Alexander died suddenly on the tenth of June 323 in Babylon (28 Daisos; Plut. Alexander 76.9)
    8. Results of Alexander's Antics
      1. Cessation of trouble between Greece and Persia
      2. Corruption of Greece
      3. Spreading of Hellenic culture
      4. Development of cosmopolitanism
  3. Hellenistic Period and the Hellenistic Kingdoms
    1. Wars of the Diadochoi (323-301): the settlement of Babylon (Justin III.2.12; Q. Curtius x.6.15) 
      1. literary Sources - Arrian, Quintus Curtius, Ephorus, Diodorus Siculus, Plutarch's Lives, Polybius; NB: the chronology of the early period of the Diodochoi is problematic (cf. R.M. Errington, 'From Babylon to Triparadeisos, 323-320 BCE' JHS 90, 1970, pp. 49-77); idem 'Diodorus Siculus and the chronology of the early Diadochoi, 320-311 BC', Hermes 105, 1977, 478-504; B. Gullath, L. Schober, 'Zur chronologie der fruhen Diadochenzeit: die Jahre 320-315 v. Chr.', Studien zur alten Geschichte, Festschrift fur Laufer I, Rome (1986); E.M. Anson, 'Diodorus and the date of Triparadeisos', AJP 107, 1986; A.B. Bosworth 'Philip III and the chronology of the successors', Chiron 22, 1992.
      2. Events: early events>At the settlement of Babylon the idiot brother of Alexander Philip Arrhidaios was recongnized as king, and it was determined that the issue of Alexander and Roxanne, if male would be named joint king. Players> A triumvirate took over the govt. :Antipater, autonomous strategos of Europe, Perdiccas leader of the royal cavalry took over supreme command of the remaining army, and Crateros was chosen as representative of the crown and the wishes of the dead king. Ptolemy Lagos: allotted Egypt. Antigonus Monophtalmos allotted Lycia and Pamphylia in addition to greater Phrygia; Eumenes of Cardia, Alexander's secretary, received Paphlagonia and Cappadocia. Lysimachus the bodyguard received Thrace. Seleucus got command of the royal cavalry (later he came to rule over an empire based in Syria. First War of the Successors: Ptolemy defeated Perdiccas in Egypt and Eumenes defeated Craterus in Asia Minor (320) > the settlement of Triparadeisos in northern Syria; Antipater was named regent. Second War of the Successors (319-315) Alexander's mother Olympias marched from Epirus with the army of Polyperchon on Macedonia and captured Philip Arrhidaios and his wife Euridyke and had them murdered (autumn 317); soon thereafter Cassander defeated her and she was put to death (Diodorus Siculus XIX.35-36; 49-51; Justin XIV.5-6) Third War of the Successors or Second Coalition War (314-311 BCE) > Antigonus Monophthalmus vs. Seleucus, Ptolemy I, Lysimachus and Cassander [Diodorus Siculus XIX.56-62] Battle of Paraetacene (Autumn, 316 BCE) [Diod. xix.27.2-29] Fourth War of the Successors (303-301 BCE) Fifth War of the Successors (288)> Ptolemy, Lysimachus, Seleucus, and Pyrhhus of Epirus vs. Demetrius [Plut Demetrius 44; Pyrrhus 10-11]
      3. Outcomes - massive new empires of Hellenic character sprung up all across the east; the four largest, the Ptolemies, the Antigonids, the Seleucids and the Pergamenes were to dominate the history of the eastern mediterranean for the next 150 years and change the culture of those regions radically.
    2. Kingdom of the Ptolemies in Egypt (308-30 BCE) 
      1. Ptolemy I Soter (305-283) born in 367/6 BCE of a certain Lagos and Arsinoe, both Macedonian nobility. He visited the temple of Ammon at the oasis of Siwa with Alexander the Great in 331. In the campaigns against the mountain tribes of Pakistan in 327, Ptolemy commanded a third of the army (Arrian IV.24.8-25.4). He also ruled as a trierarch of the fleet on the Hydaspes (Arr. Indica 18.5). Ptolemy composed a long historical work on the life of Alexander which became the primary source for the works of Arrian. (FrGrHist. 138). Events of his rule: Intervention in Cyrene (322). Joined a coalition with Craterus, Antipater and Lysimachus against Perdiccas (322/1). Intercepted Alexander's funeral carriage on its way back to Macedonia and brought it back to Egypt (321). Alliance with the Cyprian kings (321). Invasion of Egypt by Perdiccas and the Ptolemy's victory (320) Seleucus comes to Ptolemy for protection from Antigonus (315) Third War of the Successors vs. Antigonus Monophthalmus (314-311)> operations on Cyprus resulting in Ptolemaic hegemony there in 313 (it didnt last long- resumed in 295/4)- campaigns in Cyrenaica (summer, 312)- Ptolemy and Seleucus united to invade Syria against Demetrius the son of Antigonus in 312 [Diodorus Siculus xix.80-85] In 311 a peace treaty was signed confirming the status quo and giving autonomy to all the Greek cities although none of the diadochoi allowed so much within their own domains. In 309 Ptolemy engaged in a liberation campaign in Lycia and Caria with some success although a naval expedition to Greece the following year was less successful. In 306 BCE the forces of Ptolemy and Antigonus clashed at the battle of Salamis. Demetrius Poliorketes destroyed the Egyptian fleet [Diod. xx.46-52; Plutarch Demetrius 15-16 et alii] whereafter Antigonus began to use the title of 'King' with Demetrius as his co-ruler. Ptolemy was soon thereafter declared 'Basileus' by his own army soon to be followed by Seleucus, Cassander and Lysimachus. Towards the end of October in 306 Antigonus and Demetrius invaded Egypt from Gaza but the invasion was called off in November after many losses. In 305/304 Rhodes was besieged by Demetrius (hence his name Poliorketes, 'Besieger') and successfully repelled him with the aid of Ptolemy- to commemorate the victory they erected the famous statue of Helios over the harbor which came to be known as 'the Colossus of Rhodes'. The victory insured a longstanding alliance between Rhodes and the Ptolemies. After the death of Antigonus I Ptolemy occupied many cities along the south coast of Syria (301) [Diodorus xx.113.1-2] In 295/4 Ptolemy was finally able to take firm control of Cyprus. In addition all of Lycia came under Ptolemaic rule
      2. Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-246) 1. Ptolemy Keraunos son of Ptolemy I Soter by Eurydice was proclaimed king of Macedonia by the army in 280 and was killed by the Gauls along with his army, in 279 BCE
      3. Ptolemy III Euergetes(246-221)
      4. Ptolemy IV Philopator (221-205)
      5. Ptolemy V Epiphanes(205-180)
      6. Ptolemy VI Philometor (180-145)
      7. Ptolemy VI, Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VIII (170-145)
      8. Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator (145-144)
      9. Ptolemy VIII, Cleopatra II and Cleopatra III (124-116)
      10. Cleopatra III & Ptolemy IX Soter (Lathyros) (116-107)
      11. Ptolemy X Alexander I (107-101)
      12. Cleopatra Berenice & Ptolemy X Alexander I(101-088) Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysios (Auletes) (080-58[51]) Berenice IV (058-055)
      13. Cleopatra VII Thea & Ptolemy XIII
      14. Philopator Philadelphus (051-047)
      15. Cleopatra VII Thea & Ptolemy XV Caesarion (044-031)

Hellenic Kingdoms and the Rise of Rome

  1. Empire of the Seleucids in Syria (312-064)
    1. Seleucus & Alexander
    2. Philip Arrhideus (323-316)
    3. Alexander IV (316-312): Alexander IV was the son of Alexander the Great by the Afghan princess Roxanne. Perdiccas,and later Cassander were named strategos in Europe until Alexander IV should reach manhood. When Alexander reached the age of 14 Cassander had him and his mother killed in 310 or 309 BCE [Diodorus xix.105.2; Justin xv.2.5]
    4. Seleucus I Nicator (312-280) In 311 Seleucus recaptured the satrapy of Babylon from Antigonus and from 308 he was able to conquer the entire eastern half of Alexander's empire as far as the Indus. After the death of Antigonus I at the battle of Ipsus (301) Seleucus was to have received all of Syria from the Euphrates to the Mediterranean but refrained from pressing his claims on the coast due to his friendship with Ptolemy[Diod. xxi.1.5], without however ceding his rights to it, hence leading to the Syrian wars (cf. below) Seleucus got hold of Demetrius in Apamea in Syria
    5. Antiochus I Soter (281-261)
    6. Antiochus II Theos (261-246)
    7. Seleucus II Kallinikos (246-226/225)
    8. Antiochus Hierax (kleinasien) (246-228)
      • Third Syrian War [or 'Laodicean'] (246-241) between Ptolemy III and Seleucus II
    9. Seleucus III Soter (226-223)
    10. Antiochus III (223-187) The Anabasis of Antiochus III against the growing power of the new Parthian kingdom in the east - 212 BCE Armenia accepts Seleucid overlordship 212 BCE In 211-210 Media was invaded and the temple of Anaitis at Ecbatana plundered for its wealth Polybius x.27 A successful campaign against the Parthians ended in a settlement 209 BCE In 208-206 Antiochus attacked and beseiged unsuccessfully Euthydemus the Greek king in Bactria (Polybius x.49) 197/6 "In the same year King Antiochus , after wintering in Ephesus, sought to bring all the cities of Asia back to their former status within the empire. " Livy xxxiii Battle of Magnesia (189)
    11. Peace of Apamea (188) Polybius xxi.43; Livy xxxviii.38.4-5
    12. Seleucus IV Philopator (187-175) In 175 Seleucus IV was asssassinated by his minister Heliodorus; Antiochus IV with Attalid backing occupied the throne
    13. Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-164) ,the younger brother of Seleucus IV who had been detained as a hostage at Rome after the treaty of Apamea until eventually replaced by Demetrius, eldest son of Seleucus IV. The Roman ultimatum to Antiochus IV in Egypt (summer 168 BCE) Polybius xxix.27
      • Sixth Syrian War (170-168) 
    14. Antiochus V Eupator (164?-162)
    15. Demetrius I Soter(162-150)
    16. Alexander Balas(150-145)
    17. Demetrius II Nikator (145-139/8)
    18. Antiochus VI Epiphanes (145-143/2)
    19. Tryphon (142-139)
    20. Antiochus VII Euergetes (Sidetes) (139/8-129)
    21. Demetrios II Nikator (129-125)
    22. Cleopatra III Thea (126)
    23. Alexander II Zabinas (125-123)
    24. Seleucus V(125)
    25. Antiochus VIII Grypos (125-096)
    26. Antiochus IX Cyzikenos (115-095) loved to party; loved mimes and pantomime and puppetry. 'Addicted to hunting at odd and unseasonable hours'
    27. Seleucus VI Epiphanes Nikanor (096-095)
    28. Demetrios III Philopator (095-088)
    29. Antiochus X Eusebes Philopator (095-083)
    30. Antiochus XI Philadelphus (094)
    31. Philip I Philadelphus (094-083)
    32. Antiochus XII Dionysios (087-084)
    33. Tigranes of Armenia (083-069)
    34. Antiochus XIII Asiaticus (069-064)
    35. Philip II of Seleucia (065-064)
  2. Kingdom of the Antigonids in Macedon 323-168 BCE
    1. Regency of Antipater 323-319
    2. Rule of Cassander 315-297
      • with royal title 305-297
    3. Rule of the Antigonidae 306-168
      1. Antigonus I Monophthalmus 306-301- in 301 Antigonus lost at the battle of Ipsus in Phrygia and died in combat there. .[Diod. xxi.1]
      2. Demetrios IPoliorcetes (the Besieger) 306-283 In 291 King Demetrius laid siege to Thebes and demolished the city walls Diod. xxi.14
      3. Antigonus II Gonatas 283-239
      4. **277-239**
      5. Demetrios II 239-229
      6. Antigonus III Doson 229-221
      7. Philip V 221-179
        1. Alliance between Philip V and Hannibal (215 BCE) E.J. Bickerman, TAPA 75 (1944), 87-102 and AJP 73 (1952), 1-23. Polybius vii.9
        2. First Macedonian war 215-205
        3. Philip in the Aegean and Asia Minor;
        4. Alliance between Rome and the Aetolian league (212-211) Livy xxvi.24.7-15; IG IX.I.241
        5. Fighting against Attalus I and Rhodes 201
        6. Second Macedonian War 200-197: Philip lays siege to Abydus by land and sea (200) Polybius xvi.30-31
        7. Roman settlement of Greece after the deafeat of Philip V (196) Polybius xviii.44-45.1; 45.6; 46
        8. Third Macedonian War 171-168 Livy xlii.29-30
    4. Perseus of Macedon, son of Philip V 179-168
  3. Pergamon (Pergamum) and the Attalids in Asia Minor 
    1. Philetairos (282-263)
    2. Eumenes I (263-241)
    3. Attalus I Soter(241-197)
    4. Eumenes II Soter(197-160)
    5. Attalus II Philadelphus (160-138)
    6. Attalus III (138-133)- bequeathal of Pergamene power to Rome
  4. Kingdom of Lysimachus- after the death of Antigonus I, Lysimachus received much of Anatolia as far as **Taurus**, woth the exception of many coastal cities under the control of Ptolemy and Cilicia, which went to Pleistarchus, the brother of Cassander In 292 BCE Lysimachus crossed the Danube and attacked the Getae. He was defeated and captured by the Thracians. He gave them back many fortresses, promised friendship and was released [Diod. xxi.11-12]
  5. Rhodes in the Mediterranean 
    1. commercial successes and political affiliations: already by rthe end of the fourth century Rhodes was very rich and a major centre for the trade of Egyptoian grains, hence their allegiance to Ptolemy I. In 305/304 the city was besieged by the son of Antigonus I, Demetrius Poliorketes (the Besieger) but survived. In honor of their victory the Rhodians erected a massive statue of the sun god Helios over the harbor which became known as the famous 'Colossus of Rhodes'.
    2. maritime power and the Rhodian navy
    3. earthquake (227) Polybius v.88-90.4
    4. War between Rhodes and Byzantium
    5. Alliances with Rome; The Roman treatment of Rhodes after Pydna (165) Polybius xxx.31
    6. Roman civil war and the destruction of Rhodes
    7. control of cities in Anatolia
  6. Epirus 
    • Pyrrhus crossing into Italy (280)
  7. Cappadocia in Asia Minor
  8. Bithynia in Asia Minor
  9. Pontus in Asia Minor
  10. Greek Federations
    1. Aetolian League
    2. Achaean League
      1. legislature of the Achaean league
      2. Aratus of Sicyon
      3. Aratus frees Sicyon (251/250)
      4. Aratus seizes the acrocorinth(243/242)
      5. Philopoemen of Megalopolis
      6. Lycortas
      7. powers of federal government
      8. defective points
      9. Cities: Patrae, Dyme, Pharae, Tritea, Leontium,
      10. Aegium, Aegira, Pellene, Bura, Caryneia, Olenus,
      11. Helice.
      12. Achaea joins Rome(198)
    3. Comparison with articles of confederation
    4. Conflict of Sparta with the Achaean League
    5. Cleomenes
      • The Cleomeneic War
        1. alliance of Ptolemy with Cleomenes
        2. battles of Mt. Lycaeum, Ladoceia(227)
        3. the hecatomb of Dyme.(226)
        4. Mantinea razed & seizure of Megalopolis (223)
        5. Battle of Sellasia (222)
        6. Flight of Cleomenes to Egypt
        7. Death in the court of the pharoah(219)
    6. Social War (220-217)
      • conference of Naupactus; end of the war (217) 
    7. Achaean War (146)
  11. Absorption of Hellas by Rome
  12. Other Hellenistic Kingdoms
    1. Commagene Kingdom
      1. Ptolemaios c. 163-130
      2. Samos II Theosebes Dikaios c. 130-100
      3. Mithradtaes I Kallinekes c. 100-70
      4. Antiochus I Theos Dikaios Epiphanes Philorhomaios Philhellene c. 70-36
      5. Mithradates II
    2. Kings of Skodra (Ardiaer)
    3. Greek Kings in Bactria and India
      1. Period I c. 256-208
        1. Diodotus I
        2. Diototus II
      2. Period II c. 208-155
        1. Euthydemus I, Demetrios I, Antimachos I,
        2. Euthydemus II, Demetrius II, Agathocles, Pantaleon
        3. Eukratides I Megas
      3. Period III c. 155-130
        1. Menander Soter
        2. Zoilos Dikaios
        3. Apollodotus Philopater
        4. Zoilos, Dionysios, Appolophanes, Theophilus
        5. Nikias, Lysia, Philoxenus, Straton, Hippostratus,
        6. Heliokles I Philopater, Eucratides II Soter,
        7. Platon Epiphanes, Antialkidas, Archebios
      4. Period IV c. 130-58
        1. Straton, Philoxenus, Straton and Agathokliea
        2. Amyntas, Hermaios and Calliope
        3. Straton II ***
    4. Kings of Numidia and Mauretania
    5. Rulers of Judea 167 BCE: a revolt against the Greeks concerning religious issuesdeveloped into a struggle for independence. The 3 Maccabean brothers founded the Hasmonean dynasty of Jewish kings. King Hyrcanus and his minister Antipater place themselves under the protection of Gnaeus Pompeius, aka Pompey the Great. Jerusalem and the temple were sacked by Pompey's legions. Caesar, when he came to Syria in 47 BCE appointed Antipater Commissioner of all Judaea. Antipater's eldest son Phasael became governor of Judaea and his second son, Herod, governor of Galilee. Mark Antony became Herod's lifelong friend. In 40 BCE the Parthians under Labienus invaded Palestine. Herod escaped to Rome.He was given an army and declared king of Judaea. Herod defeated the Parthians and was later confirmed in his position by the victoroius Octavian. Judaea was eventually placed under the jurisdiction of a Roman Procurator, first Coponius, then Valerius Gratus and in 26 CE Pontius Pilate.
    6. Kings of Armenia
  13. Sicily 368 BCE Dionysius the tyrant took the field against the Carthaginians but died soon thereafter having ruled for thrity eight years; his son Dionysius succeeded him and ruled for twelve years (Diod. XV.73) Syracusan supremacy in Sicily
    1. Carthaginian invasion (409-404 b.c.e)
    2. Tyranny of the Dionysioi (405-343 b.c.e)
      1. Dionysius the Elder (405-367 BCE)
        • War with Carthage
        • Conquest of Magna Graecia
        • Character 
      2. Dionysius the Younger (367-343 BCE)
    3. Liberation of Sicily by Timoleon (343-330 BCE)
  14. Roman rule in Greece
  15. Byzantine Greece
  16. Italian Mercantile Empires in Greece
  17. Ottoman Greece
  18. Wars of Independence
  19. Balkan Wars
  20. First and Second World Wars
  21. Twentieth Century Greece

Greek Culture

Geography and Religion

  1. Introduction
    1. Geography of the Greek world
      1. Characteristics
      2. Natural Divisions
        1. Macedonia
        2. Northern Greece
        3. Central Greece
        4. Peloponnesus
        5. Islands
        6. Asia Minor
        7. Magna Graecia
        8. Cyrenaica
    2. Peoples
      1. Dorians
      2. Ionians
      3. Thracians - Thracian language
      4. Aeolians
      5. Macedonians
    3. Institutions and Beliefs
      1. Religion
        1. Divinities
          1. Aeolus- Lord of the Winds
          2. Aphrodite- Goddess of Love
          3. Apollo- son of Zeus and Leto and brother of Artemis. Born on Delos. Slew the Pythian dragon. Celebrated at numerous cult centers including Delos, Delphi, and Didyma. Stricken with love for the nymph Daphne, daughter of the river god Peneus in Thessaly- he pursued her and she became the tree named after upon entreating her father for aid whereupon the Laurel became Apollo's sacred tree. Closely associated with the cult of the Muses. Taught the art of divination to the unfortunate Cassandra. Fathered the god Asclepius. Associated with cattle rearing and animal husbandry. Apollo was the God of music and poetry as well as oracles and soothsaying. In addition he was a warrior god and a god of light. Additionally Apollo was a god of healing and a bringer of disease and pestilence.
          4. Ares- The Greek god of war, and equivalent of Mars in Italy. He was the son of Zeus and Hera, one of the 12 great gods. He appears in armor with weapons, usually on foot but sometimes in a chariot. He is attended by the demons Deimos and Phobos {fear and terror}, his children and also sometimes by Eris {strife}. He had a cult center in Thebes. The dog and the vulture were his sacred animals.
          5. Artemis- identified by the Romans with the Italian goddess Diana. She was the daughter of Leto and Zeus and the twin sister of Apollo. She was born on Delos. Artemis was a virgin goddess and devoted to hunting. Her weapon was the bow. Her most important shrine was the Artemisium at Ephesus, one of the wonders of the ancient world. She was also associated with a lunar cult. She was the protrectress goddess of the Amazons.
          6. Asclepius: god of healing
          7. Athena: Patroness of Athens; bearer of the Aegis
          8. Atlas- A giant, the son of Iapetus and the sea nymph Clymene. He belongs too the generation of monstrous and unbridled divinities which preceded Olympos. He took part in a struggle between the gods and the giants and Zeus sentenced him to carrying the vault of the heavens on his shoulders for all eternity. His dwelling was thought to be far in the west in the Hesperides.
          9. Boreas- The god of the north wind. He lived in Thrace. He is depicted as a winged demon. He belonged to the race of Titans who personified the elemental forces of nature.
          10. Cronos In the family of the Titans, Cronos was the youngest son of Uranus and Gaia.
          11. Cybele: Earth Mother
          12. Demeter:
          13. Dionysus :
          14. Eos- Goddess of the Dawn
          15. Erinyes- Eumenides
          16. Eros: the god of love, son of Aphrodite
          17. Gaia: The earth Goddess
          18. Gorgons
          19. Hades: lord of the Underworld
          20. Hebe- Daughter of Zeus and Hera, goddess of eternal youth. She was represented as the handmaiden of the gods.
          21. Hecate
          22. Helios: God of the son , keep of the fiery chariot of the sun
          23. Hephaestus- the god of fire and forgery.
          24. Hera- eldest daughter of Cronos and Rhea, sister and consort of Zeus. She had a massive cult center on the island of Samos and another one in Argos.
          25. Hermes- son of Zeus and the Naiad Maia, daughter of Atlas. He was the god of inventiveness and versatility, trickery and cunning. He was born in the morning and by midday he had invented the lyre; in the evening he stole fifty head of cattle from his brother Apollo. He was the herald of the gods and the guide of the dead to Hades. He was also a fertility god and a minor god of prophetic powers.
          26. Iris: Goddess of the Rainbow
          27. Leto- Daughter of the Titan Coeus and Phoebe. She was the mother of Artemis and Apollo by Zeus. Due to the jealousy of Hera she wandered the earth searching for a place to give birth finally coming to rest at Ortygia (Delos).
          28. Muses: Patronesses of the arts
          29. Nemesis: Goddess of Retribution
          30. Nereids
          31. Nike- the goddess of victory, daughter of Pallas and Styx.
          32. Pan; The goat hooved flautist
          33. Ploutos: the god of wealth
          34. Poseidon: Lord of the Sea
          35. Priapus
          36. Proteus
          37. Selene: Goddess of the moon
          38. Thanatos: Death personified
          39. Themis: Right
          40. Titans
          41. Triton
          42. Tyche: fortune
          43. Uranus: Primordial sky god
          44. Zeus: God of Storms and king of the gods
        2. Myths and Heroes
          1. Amazons
          2. Lapiths
          3. Centaurs
          4. Cyclopes
          5. Dioscuri
          6. Heracles
          7. Theseus
          8. Perseus
          9. Orpheus
          10. Io
          11. Pandora
          12. Echo
          13. Narcissus
          14. Arachne
          15. Niobe
          16. Odysseus
          17. Oedipus
          18. Orion
        3. Worship, Sacrifices, offerings
        4. Manifestations of divine will
          1. Auspices
          2. Omens
          3. Oracles
        5. National Games - There were four primary games held in Greece in the Classical Period
          1. Panathenaea and Olympic Games
          2. Isthmian Games- held from 589 on in the 1st month of spring, in the 2nd and 4th years of each Olympiad.
          3. Nemean Games - celebrated in the valley of Nemea in the territory of the Argive town Cleonae. The festival was held in honor of Zeus who had a shrine there with a sacred grove. From 575 on athletic competitions were added to the festival modeled after those at Olympia. It was held twice every four years once in August and once in winter.
        6. Festivals
          1. Panathenaea
          2. Dionysia - the celebrations of Dionysus in Athens held in a series of festivals, namely:
            • Oschophoria
            • The smaller or rustic Dionysia
            • The Lenoea or feast of vats
            • The Anthesteria
            • The great urban Dionysia
          3. Orphic Mysteries
          4. Eleusinian Mysteries - The two mystic festivals of Demeter and her daughter Persephone celebrated in Attica.
        7. Religious Concepts
          1. Immortality
          2. Nemesis
          3. Inviolable Character of the Suppliant
          4. Xenia

Hellenic Philosophy, Science and Humanities

  1. Government
    1. Definition of the polis
    2. Origin Of the polis
    3. Subdivisions of the city state
    4. Political factions within the city state 
      1. Monarchy
      2. Aristocracy
      3. Oligarchy
      4. Timocracy
      5. Tyranny
      6. Democracy
    5. Leagues
    6. Amphictyonies
  2. Cultural History 
    1. Philosophy
      1. Presocratic philosophy 
        1. Eleatics: Xenophanes of Colophon- gave currency to the antithesis of the One and the Many. Emphasized the distinction between knowledge and opinion - Parmenides of Elea - Zeno of Elea
        2. Thales of Miletus (624-546) -celebrated for his mathematical attainments, as well as for a theory of the material cause of the universe- 'all things are water'
        3. Anaximander of Miletus (611-547)
        4. Anaximenes of Miletus
        5. Heracleitus of Ephesus- 'fire is principal; all things are in flux'
        6. Pythagoras- originally of Samos, afterwards of Croton, a mathematician, vegetarian, and social reformer (Diodorus Siculus X.3-10)
        7. Physicists- Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (500-428); Leucippus of Abdera; Empedocles (495-435): Four elements- love and hate
        8. Democritus (460-351)- atomic theory
        9. Gorgias of Leontini (483-376)
        10. Protagoras of Abdera (481-411) 'man is the measure of all things'
        11. Sophists- flourished from about the middle of the fifth to the middle of the fourth century --Sophistry of literature: Protagoras>Evenus of Paros>Polymathic sophistry professed by Hippias of Elis> eristic sophistry: Euthydemus and Dionysodorus; sophistry of forensic rhetoric: Tisias of Syracuse brought to central Greece by Gorgias in 427> Political rhetoric: Isocrates (436-338)
        12. Cynics- Antisthenes of Athens-'virtue is the supreme end of human life'; Diogenes of Sinope
        13. Aristippus of Cyrene and the Cyrenaic School
      2. Socrates (469-399) of Athens, bred as a sculptor. He served with distinction at Potidaea in 432-429, at Delium in 424, and at Amphipolis in 422. Brought to trial and condemned to death in 399 by the restored democrats
      3. Plato (427-347)
      4. The Academy- Speusippus (347) , Xenocrates (339), Polemo (314), Crates(270)
      5. Aristotle (384-270)
      6. The School of the Peripatetics- The Lyceum: Theophrastus (323-288), Eudemus, Strato of Lampsacus
      7. Epicurus (341-270)
      8. Stoics
    2. The Seven Wise Men: ****** Solon, Myson, Chilon, Pittacus, Bias (Diodorus Siculus IX.1-
    3. Historians 
      1. Hecataeus of Miletus: one of the founders of geographical science; wrote in prose:Genealogies
      2. Herodotus (484-430)
      3. Thucydides (c. 460-400)
      4. Xenophon (445-355): Anabasis, Hellenica :Philo-Laconian and anti-Theban
      5. Manetho (c. 350-300) was a high priest of Heliopolis in Egypt who wrote in Greek a history of Egypt from the oldest times down to Alexander's conquests
      6. Cleitarchus
      7. Polybius of Megalopolis (c. 200-118 BCE)
      8. Poseidonius of Apamea 235-151 bce- a pupil of the stoic Panaetius. Taught in Rhodes where Cicero heard his lectures. A friend of Pompeius: his historical work beginning in 144 BCE where Polybius ended, appears to have come down to 82 BCE This work was a basic source for Livy, Diodorus, Appian, Plutarch and Josephus
      9. Eratosthenes
      10. Apollodorus
      11. Diodorus Siculus, Greek historian of Agyrium in Sicily, c. 80-20 BCE, wrote forty books of world history in three parts- 1]a mythical history of peoples Greek and nonGreek up until the Trojan war; 2] a history up until Alexander's death (323 BCE); and a history up until 54 BCE
      12. Dionysius of Halicarnassus
      13. Plutarch of Chaeronea (2nd half of 1st century CE- early 2nd century)
      14. Arrian of Nicomedia (2nd century CE)
      15. Appian
      16. Quintus Curtius (wrote in Latin) - 1st century CE wrote a history of Alexander in ten books, the first two of which are lost.
      17. Tragic historians
      18. Historians no longer extant 
        1. Aristobolous of Cassandreia FGrH 139 a contemporary of Alexander and a source for Arrian
        2. Charon of Lampsacus: composed a history of Persia: published after 465 BCE
        3. Dionysius of Miletus wrote a history of Persia down to the death of Darius and included the defeat at Marathon
        4. Scylax of Caryanda: a Carian Greek employed by Darius to survey the course of the Indus who published an account of his expedition; he also wrote a work of contemporary history which centered around his fellowcountryman Heracleides of Mylasae, who deserted the Persians and helped the Greeks against the invasion of Xerxes.
        5. Antiochus of Syracuse: composed a history of the western Greeks: the early history of Sicily and Italy and the early Greek colonies
        6. Cratippus : a leading historian of Athens after Thucydides
        7. Theopompus- continued the work of Thucydides in his Hellenica which covered the same period as Cratippus
        8. Philistus of Syracuse: history of Sicily
        9. Hellanicus of Lesbos: he wrote about the history of Persia, customs of barbarians, on the mythical period of Greece, on the origins of Greek cities in Asia, on the history of Athens: 683-682>411 BCE; construction of a systematic chronology> Hellanicus sought to reconstruct a complete chronicle of Greek history, from genealogies, mythographers, logographers, archon lists, oriental dating and inscriptionary evidence such as the list of Argive priestesses of Hera
        10. Zoilos 'the scourge of Homer'
        11. Anaximenes one of the teachers of Alexander
        12. Ephoros - born c. 400 bce at Cyme in Asia Minor, died 356. He was a pupil of Isocrates. He was the author of the first 'universal history', beginning with the mythical origins of Greece up until 356 BCE in 29 books However this was distinctly a history of Greece not a history of the world; called 'universal' as it was PanHellenic. He almost certainly depended upon Hellanicus of Lesbos for the period of the Fifty years
        13. Eumenes of Cardia
        14. Diyllus the Athenian historian compiled a universal history in twenty six books covering years 357-297 [Jacoby FGH no. 73]
        15. Psaon of Plataea wrote a continuation of Diyllus' work in thirty books [Jacoby, FGH #78]
        16. Hegesias:wrote a history of Alexander
        17. Agartharcides
        18. Philistus
        19. Ptolemy FgrH 138
        20. Callius of Syracuse FGH, no. 564
        21. Timaeus (340-256 bce) of Tauremenium FGrH 566 illustrates the translation from Attic to Hellenistic literature; exiled from Sicily 317 BCE Polybius devotes nearly the whole of book xii to an attack on Timaeus Diod. xxi.17; ' his hatred of the Sicilian tyrants and particularly Agathocles has colored the surviving historical tradition' (Austin p.52 n. 7)
        22. Duris of Samos, a pupil of Theophrastus, became tyrant of Samos and wrote a history of greece from 370 bce at least to the death of Lysimachus [ FHG,2.468 and fr. 33], also a biography of Agathocles and a history of his home city [Jacoby FGH #73]
        23. Phylarchus : wrote a history of the years 272-220

Hellenic Literature, Art and Architecture

  1. Literature 
    1. Early Period (----> 479) 
      1. Epic Poetry 
        1. Homer
        2. Hesiod - early seventh century: Works and Days, Theogony, Shield of Heracles
      2. Lyric Poets - song accompanied by music, cultivated by the Aeolians and Dorians 
        1. Terpander of Sparta
        2. Alcaeus of Mytilene (c. 750-700)
        3. Sappho (c. 610-565)
        4. Thaletas of Crete (c. 670-640)
        5. Alcman of Lydia (c. 660)
        6. Stesichorus of Himera in Sicily (c. 640-555)
        7. Ibycus of Rhegium (c. 550)
        8. Simonides of Ceos (556-467)
        9. Pindar (522*-448)
        10. Bacchylides of Ceos (c. 507-430)
        11. Timotheus of Miletus (c. 447-357)
        12. Anacreon of Teos (c. 550-500) Aeolian style but Ionic dialect
      3. Aesop - of Phrygia. (c. 600 BCE)
      4. Elegiac Poetry; Callinus of Ephesus (660 BCE)
      5. Iambic Poetry
    2. Attic Period (479-362) 
      1. Genesis of the Drama 
        1. mimicry
        2. popular pathetic strain
      2. elements of the drama 
        1. cult element
        2. literary elements
        3. plot elements
        4. structural elements
        5. art elements
          1. music
          2. painting
          3. sculpture
          4. architecture
      3. Dramatists 
        1. Aeschylus (525-456)
        2. Sophocles (495-406)
        3. Euripides (480-388) born on the island of Salamis on the very day of the great battle. He published his first tetralogy in 455. He left Athens in 409 at the age of 71. He went to Magnesia in Thessaly. Thence he went to the court of Archilaos in Pella. He lived there until he died in 405 bce. The number of his tragedies is variously given as 75, 78 and 92. Eighteen have been preserved: Alcestis (438), Andromache, Bacchae, Hecuba, Helena, Electra, The Hercleidae, Heracles in Madness, the Suppliants, Hippolytus, Iphigeneia at Aulis, Iphigeneia at Taurus, Ion, Medea, Orestes, Rhesus, Troiades, Phoenissae, Cyclops.
        4. Aristophanes (452-388) - see below
      4. Comedy 
        1. Old comedy
          • Cratinus
          • Eupolus
          • Aristophanes
        2. Middle Comedy 
          • Antiphenes
          • Alexis
        3. New comedy
          • Diphilus
          • Philemon
          • Menander (d. 290)
    3. Hellenistic Period (362------) 
      1. Theocritus (@300-260)
      2. Callimachus
      3. Rhianus
      4. Aratus
      5. Nicander
      6. Apollodorus c. 140
      7. Zenodotus c. 275
      8. Aristophanes of Byzantium d circa 185
      9. Crates c 170
      10. Aristarchus died about 153 bce
      11. Apollonius of Rhodes
    4. Later Literature 
      1. Plutarch (c.50-120 CE)
      2. Lucian (c. 120- CE)
      3. Herodian- (170-240) an historian who lived in Rome and wrote a history of the Roman Emperors
      4. Strabo
      5. Ptolemy
      6. Pausanias
      7. Diordorus Siculus - Greek historian of Agyrium in Sicily, c. 80-20 BCE, wrote forty books of world history in three parts- 1]a mythical history of peoples Greek and nonGreek up until the Trojan war; 2] a history up until Alexander's death (323 BCE); and a history up until 54 BCE 
      8. Longus 3rd saec. CE
      9. Eusebius- the father of ecclesiastical history. Born at Caesarea in Phoenicia in 264 CE In 315 he became bishop of that city and died in 340
    5. Byzantine Literature 
  2. Greek Oratory 
    1. Pericles 495-429
    2. Sophists 
      1. Protagoras c. 485-415
      2. Gorgias c. 483-376
      3. epideixis, sxhmata Gorgieia
      4. Thrasymachus fl c. 430-400
      5. appeal to the emotions via elocution & action
    3. Isocrates 436-338 He was 4th among the ten Attic orators. He returned to Athens in 403 after the fall of the thirty and there opened a school of rhetoric about 392. He published the Panegyricus in 380. In 346 he published his discourse addressed to Philip II of Macedon 
      1. moralization of rhetoric
      2. pseudo-Isocrates
    4. Demosthenes 384-322
    5. Lysias
    6. Libanius- b. 314 at Antioch, he moved to Athens where he practiced and taught rhetoric
    7. Plato and Aristotle on rhetoric
    8. Hellenistic rhetoric 
      1. Atticism vs. Asiatics
      2. Hermagoras- staseis
      3. Apollonius, Apollodorus, Theodorus
    9. Parts of a speech 
      1. Proemium
      2. Narrative
      3. Statement of Case
      4. Proofs
      5. Epilogue
  3. Art & Architecture 
    1. characteristics of classical art
    2. architecture
    3. sculpture
    4. Painting 
      • Zeuxis
      • Parrhasius of Ephesus- chief representative of the Ionic school. c. 400 bce
      • Nicias of Athens
    5. Music 
  4. Science and Mathematics (-see also philosophy above) 
    1. Thales of Miletus (624-546) -celebrated for his mathematical attainments, as well as for a theory of the material cause of the universe- 'all things are water'
    2. Hippocrates of Cos (c. 460-377)
    3. Euclid taught in Alexandria about 300 bce.
    4. Heron- a mathematician of Alexandria (mid 3rd s. bce)
    5. Archimedes (287-212)
    6. Eratosthenes (276-194)
    7. Democritus of Abdera c.460-360
    8. Hipparchus of Bithynia d. @ 125 bce was a mathematician who lived chiefly at Rhodes and Alexandria. He discovered the precession of the equinoxes, settled more accurately the length of the solar year, as also the revolution of the moon.
    9. Greek Astronomy
  5. Religion and Morals
  6. Society 
    1. Houses
    2. furniture
    3. food
    4. care of the body 
      • Cosmetics
      • Hygiene
    5. education
    6. occupations
    7. slavery 
    8. marriage
    9. social life 
      • Parties
    10. sickness, death and burial
    11. women's rights 
    12. childbirth
    13. Sexual Life 
      • Homosexuality
  7. Medicine 
    1. Hippocrates
    2. Herophilus of Alexandria
    3. Erasistratus
    4. Dioscorides
    5. Seranus
  8. Economics
  9. Demography and population curves
Copyright 1998- November 13, 2005 ,
Jerome T. Shaw, Asgard Enterprises.
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